Forecasting Toxic Hazard Levels for Ammonia Emissions in Chemical Production under Various Meteorological Conditions (Using ohe Example of Voronezhsyntezkauchuk JSC)

High temporal resolution measurements of ammonia emissions following different nitrogen application rates from a rice field in the Taihu Lake Region of China

Real-time on-site monitoring of soil ammonia emissions using membrane permeation-based sensing probe

Public living in areas contaminated by nuclear accidents is exposed to radiation in the early phase and over the long term. Even under similar accident scenarios, radiation doses and sheltering effectiveness, which is one of the protective measures, depend on meteorological conditions and the surrounding environment. Radiation doses and sheltering effectiveness in the early phase of nuclear accidents are crucial information for the public as well as national and local governments planning a nuclear emergency preparedness. In this study, we assessed radiation doses and sheltering effectiveness at sites with nuclear facilities in Japan using the Off-Site Consequence Analysis code for Atmospheric Release accidents, which is one of the level-3 probabilistic risk assessment codes, for five accident scenarios: three scenarios from past severe accident studies, a scenario defined by the Nuclear Regulation Authority in Japan, and a scenario corresponding to the Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident. The sheltering effectiveness differed by up to approximately 50% among the accident scenarios at the same sites and by approximately 20%-50% among sites under the same accident scenario. Differences in the radionuclide composition among the accident scenarios and the differences in wind speeds among the sites primarily caused these differences in sheltering effectiveness.

Changes in Meteorological Dry Conditions across Water Management Zones in Uganda

Improving ammonia emissions in air quality modelling for France

: Crosswind operations rely on the simple effect that sufficiently strong crosswinds may transport wake vortices out of the flight corridor which may support temporary suspension of the need to apply wake turbulence separations between successive aircraft. 
\nCROPS (CRosswind OPerationS) is a EUROCONTROL funded project focused on runway use optimisation by the conditional reduction of wake turbulence distance-based separation minima between arrivals on final approach by taking advantage of the effect of crosswind on the wake turbulence decay and transport, while maintaining an acceptable level of safety regarding possible wake vortex encounter (WVE). It is a natural follow-on of the completed R&D project CREDOS (Crosswind REduced separations for Departure OperationS). The main driver of CROPS is congestion at major airports and fixed ICAO separations (not weather dependent). 
\nThe scope of the CROPS project is currently limited to determination of crosswind conditions for a safe 0.5NM reduction of WT separations applied on final approach segment. This is done mainly by analysis of collected wake vortex and MET data. The results of this analysis form part of the key evidence in the safety assessment report. 
\nAlthough the CROPS concept of operations for a specimen operational environment relies on current ATM procedures, without a priori need of developing specific new ATC tool, the necessary changes to ANS/ATM system to allow operational application of CROPS will need to be assessed at local implementation level. It depends on the local ATM system in place and its performance, in particular regarding wind nowcast and forecast information. 
\nNATS incorporated the concept of operations for CROPs for arrivals within the scope for ‘Reduced Final Approach Separation’ (RFAS). RFAS considers both minimum headwind and crosswind component requirements for a 0.5NM separation reduction to selected wake constrained arrival pairs at Heathrow.

Airborne emissions from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have the potential to pose a risk to human health and the environment. Here, we present an assessment of the emission, dispersion, and health-related impact of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emitted from a 300-head, full-scale dairy farm with an exercise yard in Beijing, China. By monitoring the referred gas emissions with a dynamic flux chamber for seven consecutive days, we examined their emission rates. An annual hourly emission time series was constructed on the basis of the measured emission rates and a release modification model. The health risk of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions around the dairy farm was then determined using atmospheric dispersion modeling and exposure risk assessment. The body mass-related mean emission factors of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were 2.13 kg a−1 AU−1 and 24.9 g a−1 AU−1, respectively (one animal unit (AU) is equivalent to 500 kg body mass). A log-normal distribution fitted well to ammonia emission rates. Contour lines of predicted hourly mean concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were mainly driven by the meteorological conditions. The concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide at the fence line were below 10 μg m−3 and 0.04 μg m−3, respectively, and were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than the current Chinese air quality standards for such pollutants. Moreover, the cumulative non-carcinogenic risks (HI) of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were 4 orders of magnitudes lower than the acceptable risk levels (HI = 1). Considering a health risk criterion of 1E-4, the maximum distance from the farm fence line to meet this criterion was nearly 1000 m towards north-northeast. The encompassed area of the contour lines of the ambient concentration of ammonia is much larger than that of hydrogen sulfide. However, the contour lines of the ammonia health risk are analogous to those of hydrogen sulfide. In general, the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions from the dairy farm are unlikely to cause any health risks for the population living in the neighborhood.

A comprehensive agricultural inventory of ammonia emissions for 2017 in Hefei was established on the basis of the specific emission factors and county-level activity data. The emissions over a 1 km × 1 km grid and the associated monthly variations were distributed on the basis of land-use type and meteorological conditions, respectively. The total ammonia emissions were 27,242.7 t in 2017 in Hefei, to which livestock was the top contributor, accounting for 54.5%. Two major contributors to livestock waste were broilers and laying hens, which contributed 34.5% and 22.2% of the total emissions, respectively. Changfeng, Feixi, and Feidong counties, with more developed agriculture than other counties, accounted for a large proportion of the total ammonia emissions—as much as 28.5%, 24.5%, and 21.0%, respectively. The average emissions density of the whole region was 2.4 t km−2, and the higher values were mostly in areas with denser populations. Seasonally, peak ammonia emissions occurred in summer.

Ammonia emissions from an uncovered dairy slurry storage tank over two years: Interactions with tank operations and meteorological conditions

We discuss analysis of the PS scatterers located in Moscow city using long-term series of PALSAR images. 29 PALSAR observations made from ALOS satellite repeated orbits in 2006–2010 were used in our analysis. One of important features of the data stack was the fact the observations were made in different meteorological conditions — in warm and cold seasons, in dry days and in the case of precipitations. To demonstrate the manifestation of meteorological conditions we selected a set of PSs on the Delta hotel building located in the eastern part of Moscow city. Analysis of the PSs displacements shows that long-term stability of the Delta hotel location is about 0.9 cm. The value is most likely determined by SAR instrument thermal noise and clutter, not the stability of the hotel location. The accuracy of the separate scatterers location having 30–35 dB sigma-zero is 0.5–1 cm. The accuracy decreases till 2–2.5 cm in rainy and winter days.

Water quality impairment from nonpoint source pollution is one of the critical causes of surface water eutrophication in rivers and lakes surrounding agricultural area, Korea. In the Songchon Constructed Wetland (SCW) located in Yeongsan (YS) watershed which has about 1,000 km2 (total watershed area: 3,471 km2) for agricultural area, 19 times of intensive field monitoring in 2010 were conducted with various rainfall patterns and about more 1,000 water samples were measured and analyzed in field and laboratory. To identify the relationship between meteorological conditions and removal efficiency of the constructed wetland, principal component analysis (PCA) and ternary plot analysis was used for 19 field experiment data. Mean treatment performance of TSS, BOD5, COD, TN, and TP was 16.4%, 42.1%, 43.7%, 36.6%, and 57.1%, respectively, as a method of pollutant load reduction for multiple tests of storm events. PCA results revealed that rainfall depth, rainfall intensity, and antecedent dry days (ADDs) can be major components as a representative in each component. Also, ternary contour plots results showed that the treatment performance of SCW in agricultural area during storm events can be affected by three meteorological conditions. These results and phenomena can be applicable to develop the NPS discharge model and to elucidate the relationship between rainfall and storm water runoff using rain radar in a drainage area.

A numerical study of summer ozone concentration over the Kanto area of Japan using the MM5/CMAQ model

Analysis of ozone and VOCs measured in Shanghai: A case study

Ammonia (NH3) emitted into the atmosphere contributes to increase in fine particulate matter concentrations through secondary formation and affects human comfort through unpleasant odors. Pig farms are a significant source of ammonia, but the actual emissions are highly variable depending on facility types, meteorological conditions, and operational practices, causing high uncertainty in estimating emissions. In this study, hourly atmospheric ammonia concentrations were measured in Yongji, Gimje, South Korea, a region well known for its large-scale old pig farming, over all four seasons from September 2023 to July 2024. Using the data, seasonal ammonia emissions from pig farms were simulated with the WindTrax Backward Lagrangian Stochastic model. Our findings will be presented. This can provide a foundation for validating bottom-up estimates of ammonia emissions and valuable insights on reducing uncertainties associated with ammonia emissions from pig farms.

The reporting of ammonia (NH) and hydrogen sulfide (HS) emissions from dairies to the federal government depends on the magnitude of the emissions. However, little is known about their daily NH and HS emissions and what influences those emissions. Emissions of NH and HS from two manure storage basins at a 4400-head western free-stall dairy were measured intermittently over 2 yr. Each basin went through stages of filling, drying, and then removal of the manure during the study period. Emissions were determined using backward Lagrangian Stochastic and vertical radial plume methods. Ammonia emissions ranged from 35 to 59 kg d in one basin and from 86 to 90 kg d in a second basin, corresponding to a range of 7 to 19 g d head. Basin NH emissions were highest during initial filling and when the manure was removed. Mean HS emissions ranged from 5 to 22 kg d (1.1-4.6 g d head). Basin HS emissions were highest when the basin was filling. Crusting of the basin surface reduced NH but not HS emissions. The cessation of basin filling reduced HS but not NH emissions. Air temperature and wind conditions were correlated with NH emissions. Barometric pressure decreases were correlated with episodic HS emissions. The variability in emissions with stage of manure handling and storage and meteorological conditions indicates that determining the maximum daily emissions and the annual emissions from such waste basins requires consideration of each stage in conjunction with the climatic conditions during the stage.