FORECASTING IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS

Methods. In the process of studying medicines imports in Ukraine, methods of analysis and synthesis, observation method, methods of induction and deduction, methods of comparative analysis, graphical, logical and tabular methods were used. The methodological basis of the study was the methods of comparative analysis (mirror analysis) and observations, which made it possible to assess the level of asymmetry in international trade indicators. To identify trends in the level of relative discrepancies between counter flows, a graphical method was used. The generalization method was used to systematize the relative deviations of international trade indicators in physical and value terms. Results. The use of comparative analysis made it possible to establish discrepancies in the lists of partner countries in international trade. The discrepancy between the lists is partly explained by the methodological specifics of recognizing a country as a partner in import and export operations. The use of mirror analysis made it possible to reveal asymmetry in the volumes of import transactions with medicines in Ukraine and to prove that in some cases it has significant dimensions. Four types of asymmetry have been established in counter flows, which are formed under the influence of various factors. Interpretation of the results allowed establishing possible options for explaining the existing disagreements, including both shortcomings in the formation of customs reports and abuses in the field of international trade. Novelty. Mirror analysis applied to Ukraine’s import transactions with medicines revealed four types of asymmetry in commodity flows that arise from the inadequacy and low quality of customs reports, as well as from abuse in international trade. Practical value. The established reasons for the discrepancy between statistical data can be used to improve customs reporting, as well as to identify abuse in international trade in pharmaceutical products.

Introduction. The relevance of the research is determined by the importance of statelegal regulation of the process of the Russian Federation citizens’ upbringing on the basis of common requirements, principles, traditions due to the existing demand of the society in the formation of the “national upbringing ideal” of a person and a citizen. However, in the implementation of the state policy of upbringing there are difficulties, contradictions and collisions associated with the elaboration of specific documents in the field of education, as well as the peculiarities of departmental higher education institutions, in particular, in the system of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia. Methods. The formal-dogmatic method, method of comparative analysis, methods of induction and deduction, interdisciplinary correlation, comparative-legal method, method of interpretation of law, sociological and political methods were used in the research. Results. As a result of the research, the following features of the state policy implementation in the sphere of education in educational institutions of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia are revealed: first, the legal basis of upbringing work is provided by departmental orders of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia and local acts of the institutions in addition to the all-Russian legislation on education, second, upbringing work should be considered a part of the moral and psychological support of internal affairs employees; third, the working programme of education includes legal upbringing as a separate direction of upbringing work; fourth, the most common form of upbringing is an event; fifth, there should be a clear hierarchical structure of bodies and officials responsible for upbringing of internal affairs employees; sixth, the particularities of subject-subject interaction with cadets in the upbringing and educational process consist in the personality-oriented approach focused on individual upbringing work, and others. In conclusion, the author offers ways for improving upbringing work in educational institutions of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia by introducing interactive forms and methods of upbringing work, actively using the experience of civil higher education institutions and expanding the scope of interaction with practitioners and various institutions of civil society.

The urgency of the research is that the study of small farms will form a system of agricultural entrepreneurship, which will be the main direction in the development of rural areas and will bring the local economy out of a certain depressed status. The purpose of the study is to examine the theoretical and practical aspects that will help to learn more about the definition of “small farms registered as natural persons-entrepreneurs of the 4th group”, determining the legal status of these small farms and analysis of practical implementation of this sector in Ukraine. The main methodological approaches that allow identifying the theoretical and practical content of the study topic are the theoretical approach, monographic method, formal-legal method, method of comparative analysis, functional methodological approach, method of economic analysis, deduction method, induction method, and hypothetical and systemic methods. As a result of the work on the study of small farms of Ukraine registered as natural persons-entrepreneurs of the 4th group, the mechanism of implementation of the farm in general was studied, the specific features of the study sector were analysed and a comparative analysis of the implementation of the farm sector in Ukraine and foreign countries was conducted. The identified theoretical and practical aspects of the study will help in conducting an analysis to determine the impact of features that arise during accounting and auditing on the development and decline of the small farm sector of Ukraine, which are directly registered as a natural person-entrepreneur of the 4th group

A meaningful characteristic of modern industrial production is given and prospects for the modernization of the Belarusian industry through new industrialization are identified in the paper. In this regard, the objectives of the study have been determined: to consider modern concepts of the transformation of economic systems under the influence of technological progress, to substantively characterize the new industrialization, including to describe the technological and organizational features of the new intentional production, to identify its distinctive features, to determine the prospects for using the concept of new industrialization for modernization of the Belarusian industry. The methodological basis was the general scientific methods and principles of сognition, namely: the method of deduction and induction, the method of comparative analysis, historical approach. The author considers the new industrialization as an economic structure that has developed as a result of the spread of digital technologies in a modern socially-oriented, predominantly market economy. The technological basis of the new industrial production is cyber-physical production systems that operate through the industrial Internet of things, the Internet of services and network mechanisms of interaction between all participants in the value added chain. The development of digital production and digital services entails the digitalization of business models. The result is flexible, adaptive, individualized industrial production through the triad of digital production, digital services and digital business models. When modernizing the Belarusian industrial complex, aimed at developing high-tech and knowledge-intensive industrial production and increasing the efficiency of traditional industries through the use of a wide variety of new technologies, the priority should be the comprehensive digitalization of production, services and business models.

Motivation Theory's important role in the management process needs to be understood by educators to carry out various forms of action or assistance to the listeners. A person's attitude is determined by his desire to achieve a goal. Another term for will is motivation. Motivation is the motivation for a person to carry out activities to achieve his goals. The power of motivation for a person can change at any time. The change occurs because of satisfaction with the needs. Such satisfied needs have motivated one's attitude. This research is literature research, which is analyzed using the method of description, interpretation, and data analysis. The discussion in this study includes the notion of motivation, some motivational theories, types, and models of motivation, models of application of motivation theory in Educational Institutions, as well as several forms of motivation in Islamic Education. The results showed that Motivation in organizations is indeed very important to discuss in the study of organizational behavior. Because every personnel or member of the organization needs motivation, both from within oneself and from others, for that if someone has been encouraged or motivated, someone's performance will increase it will speed up the process of completing tasks and responsibilities at work.

Research background: Rapid technical progress supports the development of advanced technologies, which increases the requirements of customers who emphasize the quality of products. We can expect revolutionary changes in every business area, but especially in production and logistics, as they will be most subject to the implementation of artificial intelligence, robotics, augmented reality, 3D printing and other technologies related to Industry 4.0 as a representative of The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Based on these facts, every enterprise is looking for new ways to reduce costs not only in production but also logistics, speed up and simplify the production and logistics process. One of the effective ways to achieve this is to use and implement progressive technologies in logistics. The aim of the paper was to examine progressive technologies in logistics that are used in Slovak automotive enterprises and then analyse selected technologies. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part of the paper is devoted to a literary view of progressive technologies in logistics. The second part provides an insight into a comparative analysis of selected technologies in logistics of 65 Slovak automotive enterprises. The paper used several research methods, which include: literature search, system analysis, comparative analysis, induction, deduction and visualization method. Progressive technologies in today’s conditions are a prerequisite for effective results in every enterprise in the form of economy and efficiency. The use and continuous improvement of progressive technologies in automotive enterprises must be one of the necessary activities in the management of the enterprise in order to maintain competitiveness in the market. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper was to examine progressive technologies in logistics that are used in Slovak automotive enterprises and then analyse selected technologies. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part of the paper is devoted to a literary view of progressive technologies in logistics. The second part provides an insight into a comparative analysis of selected technologies in logistics of 65 Slovak automobile enterprises. Methods: The paper used several research methods, which include: literature search, system analysis, comparative analysis, induction, deduction and visualization method. Findings & Value added: Progressive technologies in today’s conditions are a prerequisite for effective results in every enterprise in the form of economy and efficiency. The use and continuous improvement of advanced technologies in automotive enterprises must be one of the necessary activities in the management of the enterprise in order to maintain competitiveness in the market.

Introduction. The issues of management of production costs of the enterprise have become important for domestic businesses after the transition of the economy to market principles of doing business. In the command-administrative system of management, pricing was the prerogative of state authorities, ministries and departments and was based on the implementation of a cost approach, which involves the inclusion in the cost of products of the full cost of its production and sale. Methods. During the research general and special methods of research of processes and phenomena in their interrelation and development were used, namely: monographic (at formulation of the purpose, tasks, subject and object of research); method of comparative analysis (in the study of the concepts of strategic cost management). At the stage of observation of business transactions, collection, measurement, design, registration, systematization and processing of information for research, the inductive method was used, and the deductive method was used in the process of theoretical understanding of the problem. Results. We believe that the main characteristics of the cost management system of an agricultural enterprise should be: phased implementation of the process; inclusion in the general process of enterprise management; establishing the impact of the external environment of the business entity; determining the characteristics of the internal environment; availability of feedback. Discussion. At the stage of reforming the domestic accounting system, the issue of terminology should be given special importance. It is advisable to use in regulations the definition of costs and expenses, limiting the scope of these categories and providing the possibility of their unambiguous qualification by enterprises that prepare reports for interested users, both external and internal. Prospects for the application of IFRS in Ukraine in terms of cost accounting require understanding of the basic ideas and meaning of international standards and research, the results of which will approximate, and further bring the guidelines and rules of cost accounting in Ukraine in accordance with international financial reporting standards. Keywords: production, management, costs, expenses, accounting, prime cost.

Risk-oriented regulation of brokers is considered in the article. Its implementation helps to improve the quality of regulation and the development of the economy. Risk-based regulation of brokers in theory and practice faces the problem of a lack of indicators and risk assessment system. Therefore, the purpose of the work is to develop proposals for assessing the risks of brokers in regulation. The theoretical substantiation of the study is the approaches of smart and risk-oriented regulation. The method of comparative analysis, methods of description and interpretation, statistical analysis were used. The article identifies risk factors and their indicators based on the analysis of research, foreign and Russian regulatory experience. These indicators are divided into dynamic and constant. The study verifies, using binary logistic regressions, the actual impact of the developed indicators on the work of brokers. Thresholds are defined for dynamic metrics. Exceeding the threshold value indicates an increase in the risks of the broker’s activities. The paper establishes significant indicators and develops a broker risk assessment model. The analysis revealed that some of the current standards do not affect the risks of brokers. Indicators and methods for calculating brokers’ risks can be used by regulators, and the methodology for their development can be applied in other areas.

Древние тронные кресла отечественных монархов из собрания Музеев Московского Кремля были неоднократно опубликованы на протяжении XIX — XXI вв., но и сегодня нельзя считать работу по их атрибуции законченной. Примером тому — о два древнейших артефакта — тронные кресла царей Бориса Годунова и Михаила Романова: вопрос определения времени и места их создания остается неразрешенным. Ошибка исследователей заключается в том, что их внимание сосредоточено на ювелирном декоре предметов, не был применен метод описания и анализа художественных и технических приемов изготовления артефактов в целом, а также архивная документация изучена в недостаточной степени. По мнению автора, упомянутые предметы являются образцами персидской работы XV–XVI вв., в то время как прежде кресло царя Бориса Годунова датировалось 1603-1605 гг., а атрибуция принадлежавшего царю Михаилу Романову варьировалась между второй половиной XVI — первой третью XVII вв., причисляя изделие к московской или иранской работе. The article examines two ancient throne chairs of Russian monarchs from the collection of the Moscow Kremlin Museums: the chair of Tsar Boris Godunov, which is believed to have been received at the beginning of the 17th century as part of the ambassadorial gifts from Shah Abbas I, and the chair which researchers associate with the name of Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich. The aim of the article is a comprehensive study of these objects based not only on their external description, but also on the identification of their structure, parts hidden by metal and woven coatings. In addition, for the first time, the author considers the chairs as pieces of furniture art, trying to “embed” them into the line of the development of artistic styles. In the course of the research, the method of description and analysis of artistic and technical methods of making artifacts, methods of comparative analysis and interpretation of historical sources were applied. The materials of the study were archival documents, published sources and the results of research by Russian historians and museologists. Various historical evidence about the investigated artifacts and views on their dating, reflected in documents and research works, is analyzed. The author compiled descriptions of the throne chairs and made assumptions about the possibility of a later change in their appearance. The analysis of the form and decor made it possible to attribute the throne chair of Tsar Boris Godunov as an example of a Persian work of the 15th–16th centuries; the use of European heritage is clearly traced in the creation of its artistic image. The attribution of the chair of Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich cannot be considered final, because today there are several versions of it (a sample of the work of the Moscow Kremlin Workshops of the 17th century, precious plates of Iranian production of, presumably, the 16th century were used in its decoration; Iran, Isfahan, second half of the 16th century (?); work of Iranian court masters of the first third of the 17th century). This throne chair presumably has a pair – the chair of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich: outwardly these objects are remarkably similar and look like a set, in which, with the general logic of shaping, only the manner of decoration is somewhat different. The visual analysis of the monument allows classifying it as a sample of Persian work, made under the influence of the Renaissance art, which spread from Italy to Europe in the 15th–16th centuries. The need to study these rarities with the use of modern technologies and research methods is emphasized.

The topicality of the research problem. Criminalistic tactics to be a system of special scientific statements is designed to optimize investigative activity related to applying means and methods of crime investigation. At the present stage among many theoretical and methodological issues concerning both criminalistics and its units, the question of the concept and content of criminalistic tactics in the system of scientific knowledge is said to be relevant. The research problem definition. The presented structure and the basis of the concept of criminalistic tactics as recommendations limits its subject sphere and does not take into account its close relationship with other units of criminalistics. The research aim. To determine correctly the role and place of criminalistic tactics in the system of scientific knowledge it is necessary to consider in detail the relationship of the latter with its other units, including other interdisciplinary social sciences. The research methods. The research methodology is delivered by analytical methods, empirical methods of comparison, description and interpretation, methods of analysis and synthesis, methods of induction and deduction. The key conclusions and recommendations. Criminalistic tactics includes general recommendations of the crime to be investigated; its statements are not related to the details of a particular illegal action. However, the statements and methods of criminalistic tactics are closely connected with other units of criminalistics and other sciences, such as Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law, etc. This relationship is not of one-side character as the statements of one unit influence development of the statements of other scientific knowledge. Thus, at present the issue of expanding the subject area and the possibilities of criminalistic tactics is of great importance, taking into account its general principles, influence of individual scientific theories of criminalistics and the main aspects of the close relationship of the latter with other sciences.

Purpose. To propose improvements in legal norms in the field of information security (IS). To substantiate the need to improve the legal categories IS. To establish the need to coordinate the course towards European integration in the field of information law in wartime conditions, provide legal substantiation for punishment for participation in information warfare on the side of the aggressor. Methodology. The method of induction and deduction made it possible to indicate that information warfare (IW) necessitates the need to expand the concept of IS and the interpretation of “cybersecurity” as its subcategory. The hermeneutic method allowed proposing the definition of legal categories in the field of IS. The method of comparative analysis allowed proposing improvements in the norms of information law and providing legal substantiation for punishment for participation in information warfare on the side of the aggressor. Findings. It is indicated that IW necessitates the need to expand the interpretation of the IS category. Security of information, “cybersecurity” should be defined as a component of IS. It is noted that IS is implemented as a balance in the conditions of constant active counteraction, one of the aspects of which is legal counteraction to information aggression. Not only the absence of a holistic national IS-system is indicated, but also the insufficiency of its systemic support. It is noted that the uncertainty of legal norms causes an increase in the discretionary powers of the judicial branch of government in the field of protecting the human right to information, which increases the responsibility for the democracy level in the country. Originality. The legal expansion of the definition of information as an object of protection to its definition as an instrument of harm is substantiated. It is indicated that the process of integration of legal norms of the EU and Ukraine necessitates the need for counter changes in EU legislation taking into account Ukraine’s experience in countering IW. The definition of legal categories of IS provided. Practical value. The proposed changes to legal norms and improvement of legal categories will contribute to reducing the level of uncertainty in the field IS.

The research is actual, has a theoretical and applied nature. Theoretical developments at cost management branch of economic organization were illustrated by practical examples. In the work the follow methods are used: abstract-logical, methods of induction and deduction, system and situate approaches, methods of comparative analysis, analysis of breakeven, monographic analysis. The follow sources of information were used: literature, the results of the experimental investigations, carried out in Verkh-nevolzhsky Federal Agrarian Research Centre, observations, carried out at an agricultural organization. Theoretical structural model of cost management was created in a functional way, relationship between elements were designated in it, as well as driving forces of its realization were determined. Such terms as “cost management ” and «management accounting» were specified. The paradigm of a relation to cost process was described. Approaches to realization of cost management system of organization on the basis offlexibility principle were developed. The most important of them are: application of applied programs packages and special program means for computer, organization of feedback, account of functional relationship of cost with production results, cost accounting on elements, places of origin, carriers and centers of responsibility, as well as interactive approach. Some examples which show possibilities of using some instruments of cost management and management accounting for generation of management solutions were described. These instruments are: analysis and planning on the basis of standards of constant and variable costs and flexible cost management in interrelations to other subsystems in management system of organization (in this case it is with technology management. The work is of theoretical and practical significance.

The relevance of this article is that industrial tourism, like rural tourism, is a relatively new direction in tourism activities. The purpose of the article is to study and analyze industrial tourism in the regions of the country and in the Ural Federal District. The article uses such research methods as analysis and synthesis, the method of induction and deduction, and the method of comparative analysis. The results of the article are federal and regional data on the development of industrial tourism. Examples of tourist excursions to industrial enterprises of the Ural Federal District are given. Examples are given for individual regions of the Ural Federal District, where industrial tourism is developing most successfully. In conclusion, the authors note that the development of industrial tourism is not only an important component of tourism activity, but also contributes to a more robust economic position of enterprises that receive tourists and develop industrial tourism.

Methods. In the process of developing an educational product for teaching «Microeconomics», methods of analysis and synthesis, observation method, methods of induction and deduction, methods of comparative analysis, graphical, logical, tabular and econometric methods of scientific knowledge were used. The methodological basis of the study was the methods of pedagogical experiment conducted during Economics undergraduate students teaching process. The practical task is based on the situational teaching method. Results. The article describes the practice of applying a situational teaching methodology using the example of a case study to study the market demand for bread. During the exercise, students consolidate theoretical knowledge of consumer choice theory and learn to apply them to solve practical problems. The study of the case allows one to get practical skills in determining the factors affecting market demand, finding the necessary statistical data, assessing the demand for a particular product, as well as interpreting the results obtained. During the assignment, students get acquainted with the statistical database of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, deepen their skills in searching for relevant economic information and learn to apply it in practice. Novelty. The presented case-exercise is aimed at practical skills development in assessing and forecasting market demand for food products using real data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Practical value. The chosen teaching strategy allows students to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and its use to solve practical problems. This tactic allows transferring knowledge from their passive condition to an active one, as well as encouraging students to use the knowledge they have acquired in other disciplines. The relaxed atmosphere that is established in such classes allows students to better assimilate normative knowledge. Practical skills obtained in this way increase the level of competitiveness of the graduate-economist in the labor market.

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to develop a methodology for analyzing regional development to identify the challenges of the pandemic, as well as the search for effective tools to ensure the economic security of Russian regions, taking into account real and expected threats. The purpose of the article is to identify the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic for the economic security of Russian regions, as well as to substantiate a set of effective measures to overcome emerging problems of regional development. The objectives of the study are: to determine the features of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the socio-economic development of regions; systematization of the pandemic's challenges for the economic security of Russian regions; development of a mechanism to ensure the economic security of Russian regions during the pandemic. The methodology of the research is based on the use of the method of systematization, the method of economic and statistical analysis, the method of comparative analysis, the method of induction and deduction, the graphical method, as well as a systematic approach to achieve the goals and objectives. Results. As a result of the conducted research, the features of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the socio-economic development of the regions of Russia are determined. The authors propose a system of indicators adapted to analyze regional development and identify pandemic challenges for regions, in particular, by introducing indicators of the sanitary and epidemiological situation. The analysis of the state of regional economic systems during the pandemic allowed the authors to identify the real and expected challenges of the pandemic for the economic security of Russian regions. Conslusions. The article proposes measures of state policy to ensure the economic security of Russian regions, taking into account the real and expected challenges of the pandemic. The obtained results develop the theoretical foundations of the study of the problems of economic security of regions, and can also be used in the practical activities of regional authorities as a methodological basis for the formation of tools for leveling threats to economic security.