Abstract
There are numerous articles that study the ground reaction forces during the golf swing, among which only a few analyze the pressure pattern distributed on the entire surface of the foot. The current study compares the pressure patterns on the foot insoles of fifty-five golfers, from three different performance levels, playing swings with driver and 5-iron clubs in the driving range. Five swings were selected for each club. During each swing, ultra-thin insole sensors (4 sensors/cm2) measure foot pressure at the frequency of 100 Hz. To perform statistical analysis, insole sensors are clustered to form seven areas, with the normalized pressure of each area being our dependent variable. A video camera was used to label the five key instants of the swing. Statistical analysis demonstrates a significant difference between the pressure distribution pattern of the left and right feet for both driver and 5-iron. However, the pressure distribution pattern remains almost the same when switching the club type from 5-iron to driver. We have also observed that there are significant differences between the pattern of professionals and players with medium and high handicap. The obtained pattern agrees with the principle of weight transfer with a different behavior between the medial and lateral areas of the foot.
Highlights
Accepted: 23 December 2021The concept of weight transfer was first introduced as a popular term between players and coaches in an article in the Golf Digest magazine [1]
Ball and Best [12] has identified two styles of weight transfer based on the center of pressure (CoP) using cluster analysis: the “Front Foot” and the “Reverse Pivot” patterns
We found out that in the lateral part of the foot (METlat, arc lateral (ARClat), and heel lateral (HEELlat)), the right foot is loaded before the left foot, while in the medial metatarsus and toes (METmed and TOES) the weight shift occurs in a reverse pattern, and the medial arch and medial heel (ARCmed and heel medial (HEELmed)) do not reveal any weight shifting between right and left feet
Summary
Accepted: 23 December 2021The concept of weight transfer was first introduced as a popular term between players and coaches in an article in the Golf Digest magazine [1]. The weight transfer paradigm during the golf swing is a mechanical concept that golf coaches consider as an important metric for coaching the golf swing [2,3,4]. This concept has been intensively studied, mainly through variables obtained by means of a force platform, such as the distribution of the vertical force [5,6,7,8,9], the center of pressure [10,11,12,13,14], and the torque [7,9]. Pataky [18], demonstrated that using only the center of pressure without considering the foot plantar distribution can be a limitation to properly understand the transmission of forces during
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