Food Supplies and Consumption since the War

Food security is the foundation of sustainable human development, and the balance between food supply and demand in urban areas is highly important for promoting residents' health and the sustainable development of cities. This paper takes the Urumqi Metropolitan Area (UMA), a typical oasis urban area, as the study area and uses the food production-demand gap indicator to assess the balance of food production and consumption in the region from 2000 to 2020 and projects food demand in 2030-2060. The results show, first, that residents' food consumption is characterized by high carbohydrate, protein, and fat consumption, and that this put more pressure on food production. Second, different food consumption structures will have different impacts on food production, and the local food production capacity in UMA falls short of ensuring a balanced nutritional structure for residents. Third, food demand increases significantly in 2030-2060, and the pressure of population consumption structure on food production is much greater than that of population growth. Considering the environmental effects of food transportation and the loss of food nutrients, on the production side, the construction of the UMA should be accelerated by including Qitai County and Jimsar County in the UMA's planning scope, strengthening city-regional connections, and improving the local food production and supply capacity of surrounding areas. On the consumption side, regional dietary guidelines should be developed based on local dietary culture and agricultural production conditions to help guide residents to adjust their dietary structures, thereby alleviating pressure on local food demand. Such measures are crucial for ensuring sufficient food supply and promoting balanced nutrition among the population.

Environmental effects of sustainability-oriented diet transition in China

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate food supply and consumption trends in South Korea over the past 30 years (1980 to 2010). Methods: We used time series data on Food Balance Sheets of Korea and the National Health and Nutrition Survey from Korea Statistics. Regression analysis was performed for trends of food supply and demand, and t-test for the gender difference in nutrient intake. Results: The annual supply of cereals, rice and starch roots per person has decreased, while that of meat, fish and shellfish, eggs, milk, and fats and oils has increased (p < 0.05), respectively. These changes effect on nutrient intake: rice consumption has declined to one-third of total energy intake, however, the energy intake from lipid sources has increased up to 20% in the 2000s.The nutrient intake levels are mostly sufficient to meet the recommended intake, but calcium intake is below the recommended level and sodium is three times above the recommended level. These problems are found in both genders, and males take in more calories and sodium than females (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These changes in food consumption and supply resulted in lowering both quantities based food self-sufficiency rate and self-sufficiency of nutrition supply. It is therefore suggested that the supply of agricultural products should be stable and quality competitiveness in supply should be improved. Also, measures and strategies in promoting rice consumption are required, such as promoting healthy diet via nutrition education and disseminating healthy traditional Korean food.

Rising population, growing food demand, inefficient resource utilization, and food wastage at different stages of food supply are demanding a paradigm-shifting toward more sustainable practices in the agri-food sector. With the adoption of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the scientific community also took their research interest toward the espousal of Circular Economy (CE) in the farming sector. This study has performed a systematic review in order to identify how the past studies applied CE in the agri-food sector and also whether the existing literature evaluated the role of CE in different segments like food production, food consumption, and food supply chain or not? The review identified the shifted research interest of the researchers toward the implementation of CE models in the agri-food sector for the last 5 years. However, most studies focused on the application of CE in food waste and supply chain management, and rare attention was put on the adoption of the CE approach in food production and consumption. This study directs that future investigation may be focused on the efficient integration of the CE approach across all stages, i. e., production, consumption, and distribution of the agri-food supply chain to support the sustainability in the entire food and agrarian system.KeywordsCircular economyAgriculture and food sectorSustainable growthFood production and consumptionSystemic review

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate food supply and consumption trends in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) over the past 30 years (1980 to 2010). Methods: We used time series data on Food Balance Sheets of Korea and National Health and Nutrition Survey from Statistics Korea. Regression analysis was performed for trends of food supply and demand, and t-test for gender difference in nutrient intake. Results: The annual supply of cereals, rice and starch roots per person has decreased, while that of meat, fish and shellfish, eggs, milk, and fats and oils has increased (p < 0.05), respectively. These changes effect on nutrient intake: rice consumption has declined to one thirds of total energy intake, however the energy intake from lipid sources has increased up to 20% in 2000s. The nutrient intake levels are mostly sufficient to meet the recommended intake, but calcium intake is below the recommended level and sodium is three times above the recommended level. These problems are found in both genders, and males take in more calories and sodium than females (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These changes in food consumption and supply resulted in lowering both quantity based food self-sufficiency rate and self-sufficiency of nutrition supply. It is therefore suggested that the supply of agricultural products should be stable and quality competitiveness in supply should be improved. Also measures and strategies in promoting rice consumption are required, such as promoting healthy diet via nutrition education, and disseminating healthy traditional Korean food. On a consumption side, we should raise awareness of consumption of agricultural products in Korea promoting healthy diets via nutrition education, and disseminating healthy traditional Korean food. We believe that through such efforts and promotion it will be possible to strengthen food security, to preserve traditional dietary pattern, and to maintain the health of Korean people.

Background Climate change poses a future risk to the UK's food supply and food security, both in terms of domestic production and imports. Direct climate impacts on crop yields affect food production, nutrient composition and bioavailability whereas indirect supply chain impacts affect access and affordability of food. Indicators and methods for measuring the UK food system vulnerability are essential for understanding climate change impacts. Aim To identify potential indicators for monitoring climate change impacts on food systems (relevant to UK) and compare with current UK processes for impact monitoring. Methods A scoping review was conducted to identify climate-related food system indicators across 4 domains: food supply, food environment, food consumption and food waste. Nine electronic databases were searched for published articles in peer-reviewed journals. Grey literature searches included Google Scholar, Government websites and organisations. Thematic analysis of indicators was carried out by food system domain, methods, spatial level and outcome. Results After screening 5,260 articles, 54 papers were analysed and presented 752 climate-related food system indicators. Most indicators were in the food supply (n = 505) or food consumption (n = 139) domain. Thematic analysis of indicators revealed key themes as crop yields, water availability, biodiversity and soil health, production and supply, imports/exports, supply chain disruption, food price impacts, affordability, nutrition, food security, food waste. A vast range of indicators are available to monitor UK food system vulnerability to climate change, however, currently only climate impacts on food supply processes are extensively monitored compared with impacts to food environment or consumption. Conclusions To support policy makers in implementing food system interventions to mitigate the impacts of climate change, data, indicators and monitoring mechanisms are critical for UK decision-making. Key messages • To support policy makers in implementing food system interventions to mitigate the impacts of climate change, data, indicators and monitoring mechanisms are critical for UK decision-making. • Monitoring the climate impacts on food systems and food security requires systematic, rigorous data collection across all domains of the food system to protect health.

SUMMARY In aquaculture there is a need to better understand feeding rhythms in order to facilitate a good match between the timing of feed distributio n and fish biological rhythms. Further, feeding the fish at the appropriate time may reduce feed wastage in aquaculture systems. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate the use of self-feeders in carp culture production. The basic idea with self-feeders is tha t the fish themselves control the feeding level, which is thereby set by their feeding motiva tion. To determine the limitations of the technique this work has focused on characterizing: (1) how self-feeding activity is related to food demand and (2) how the self-service food suppl y is related to growth and feed conversion ratios. For the feeding system to function correctly, carp must first learn how to operate it. Carp reared in cage in groups of 100 individuals re quire about 12 days reaching a stable level of self-feeding. Under large-scale rearing conditio ns (e.g. in cages with group sizes of 10002000 fish), however, learning seems to be of minor importance for the ability of fish to operate the system. When reared in small tanks in g roups of up to about 300 fish, self-feeding activity in carp is strongly influenced by the deve lopment of dominance hierarchies. Under such situations, a small number of fish will domina te the activation of the trigger and thereby have a disproportionately greater influence on the food supply of the group as a whole. Carp fed using the demand feeding technique and restricted rations had the best-feed conversion, with a mean value of 1.08 during the ex periment (feed conversion=kg food supplied/kg weight gain). The feeding of carp using the unrestricted demand feeding technique resulted in a feed conversion of 1.29 and using restricted timer-controlled feeding it was 1.16. The reward level (amount of food received in respon se to one trigger actuation) is the single most important factor requiring proper adjus tment in order to optimize growth and feed conversion ratios when using self-feeding systems. High-density conditions reduce the selffeeding activity of carp, and the recommended maximum rearing density is about 30 kg m 3 . An evaluation of growth and feed conversion data in dicates that self-feeders have the potential to function well with carp under commerci al rearing conditions.

Habitat selection, foraging ecology and conservation of Eastern Curlews on their non-breeding grounds

Food safety and quality has received attention in the agri‐food sector and is basis of all initiatives taken on different activity levels starting from farm to enterprises as a whole on regional, national, and international levels. A hybrid of the ISO 9001, Quality Management System and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), ISO 22000 has been developed as an international solution for improving the food safety. Instead of applying good manufacturing practices, HACCP and ISO 9001:2000 separately, ISO 22000:2005 is implemented to observe the synergetic effect and to ensure food safety in food supply chain. ISO 22000 also known as Food Safety Management System (FSMS) is an international auditable standard. Standard ensures safe food supply throughout the chain and provide a framework of internationally harmonized system for the global approach. ISO 22000 incorporates critical control point and hazard analysis systems in more improved form to produce much effective auditable FSMS. This standard endorses conformity of services and products for international trading by assuring about reliability, food quality, and food safety.Practical applicationsThe role exploration of Food Safety Management System (FSMS) in implementing food safety throughout the food production and supply chain is reviewed in this paper. The goal “once certified, accepted worldwide” of Globe Food Safety Initiative theme discussed to help industries and researchers. ISO 22000 along with its sister standards are auditable, reliable, and reasonable to ensure safe production, distribution, and consumption of food. During review of literature it is revealed that all technical aspects and requirements to implement the FSMS are not discussed on one place and thus leading to confusion. The aim of this review is to discuss different requirements, documentations, and systems in place for the certification of standards and the article will be helpful for the industries, technocrats, academicians, researchers, and policy framers.

The article studies the situation with food supply in the Kalinin region in 1943. It aims to reveal the reasons for a considerable decline in delivery and distribution of food products at the local level and to analyze the actions of the local authorities in their efforts to solve the problems of food shortage. The research rationale consists in touching upon a subject that hasn’t yet drawn the local historians’ attention and hasn’t been highlighted in regional historiography. The study is based on the analysis of archival sources and on the implementation of microhistorical approach. The data from various documents reveals a decline in local residents’ food consumption in the studied period. There were problems with food supply in Eastern and front line areas, but the situation was most severe in the areas freed from occupation. The mortality rate due to starvation was registered in a number of areas. Apart from objective necessity to send some part of food supplies to the front line, there were also subjective factors affecting the situation with food supply in the region. Among them were malfunctioning of regional procurement, inability of trade units to achieve proper planning, timely delivery of goods, and effective control over their distribution. Food shortage was aggravated by looting, self-supply that heads of organizations and authorities practiced. Personnel issues were an acute problem. The senior posts in the kolkhozes, village Soviets, and party bodies were held by citizens who lacked managerial skills, were prone to influence peddling and often callous to the people. Therefore, mismanagement and malconduct of some administrators resulted in a situation when the potential of centralized food supply system aimed at giving help to the most vulnerable and insuring their survival under the conditions of war was not fulfilled.

This paper identifies the governance dynamics and the international policy architecture that frame contemporary policy actions in relation to the food supply and elaborates on key governance tensions that policy makers need to address to feed the world’s growing population by the mid-21st century. Two main dimensions of governance are examined: the international policy space, composed of nation states collaborating through international regimes with other international actors; and the private corporate led governance of the food supply. At the international levels, policy discontinuities and gaps are identified, for example between international environmental regimes and food security institutions. The so-called Washington Consensus has given way to a post Washington divergence of policy approaches amongst states, reflecting the “varieties of capitalism” thesis, and a more multi-polar international policy space over food and agriculture. In the past decade, policy makers have engaged industry in the international pursuit of sustainability, with a focus on policy actions around achieving sustainable consumption and production of food. The resulting contemporary governance trajectories are providing a disjointed but widespread set of policy guidelines with some evidence of convergence. These governance forms are helping to shape the terms of debate but the reliance on industry mediated food sustainability will need to be augmented by stronger political leadership from the individual nation states. Policy advances will need to build on the more collaborative and inclusive forms of governance that are being put in place, and continue to improve the balance of sustainable production and consumption of food.

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 171:233-246 (1998) - doi:10.3354/meps171233 Food consumption by bathyal decapod crustacean assemblages in the western Mediterranean: predatory impact of megafauna and the food consumption-food supply balance in a deep-water food web Joan E. Cartes1,2,*, Francesc Maynou1 1Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Joan de Borbó s/n, E-08039 Barcelona, Spain 2Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7,5, E-07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain *E-mail: jcartes@icm.csic.es ABSTRACT: Estimates of the daily ration consumed by decapod assemblages were obtained from 2 continuous sampling cycles conducted over the middle and lower slope (610-710 m and 1178-1240 m depth respectively) of the Catalan Sea (NW Mediterranean). Annual food consumption by decapods decreased from 82.2 mg dry weight (DW) m-2 yr-1 on the middle slope to 20.4 mg DW m-2 yr-1 on the lower slope. Additionally, from literature sources, the food consumption by fishes and the secondary production of macrobenthos and macroplankton were assessed for our deep-sea area. Combining the food consumption of megafauna (decapod crustaceans plus fishes), a model of the food supply-food consumption balance was proposed for the middle slope, the only depth stratum for which adequate information exists. On the middle slope, annual food consumption by megafauna amounted to 160 mg DW m-2 yr-1 while secondary production by the dominant macrobenthic taxa (suprabenthos, epibenthos and infauna) was estimated at 150 mg DW m-2 yr-1. Benthos was the main contributor to the food supply in our megafaunal mid-slope communities. The mean annual contribution of macroplankton was secondary, although it can be seasonally important. Euphausiids were the dominant macroplankton taxon over the middle slope, and only 10.6% of their secondary production (7.3 mg DW m-2 yr-1) was estimated to be consumed by decapods, whereas the total estimated euphausiid production consumed by our mid-bathyal community hardly attained 20%. Our results showed a tight equilibrium between food consumption and food supply on the middle slope. Estimated food consumption by mid-slope megafauna (0.059 g C m-2 yr-1) is equivalent to calculated values for production by benthic and suprabenthic macrofauna. This value is also consistent with estimates of mid-slope organic carbon through sedimentation (1.8 g C m-2 yr-1), after correcting for metabolism by benthos (from macrofauna to sediment bacteria). These results are consistent with the commonly accepted idea that food is the main limiting factor in deep-sea trophic webs. KEY WORDS: Daily ration · Food consumption · Food supply · Secondary production · Deep-sea ecology Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 171. Publication date: October 01, 1998 Print ISSN:0171-8630; Online ISSN:1616-1599 Copyright © 1998 Inter-Research.

Non-grain fuel ethanol expansion and its effects on food security: A computable general equilibrium analysis for China

Disruptions in agri-food systems caused by crises, such as the COVID-19-pandemic, reveal the vulnerability of global food supply chains. Such crises might consequently impact consumer perceptions about the relevance of local food production and consumption. In this light, this study aims to (i) identify whether the COVID-19 outbreak led to short-term changes in perceptions about local food consumption and (ii) capture how the role of local agri-food systems is perceived in times of crisis. For the first purpose, this study analyzes two waves of survey data collected from an Austrian sample (n = 351) to compare pre-and post-COVID-19 levels of consumer values, beliefs, and attitudes towards local food. For the second purpose, the paper assesses consumer perceptions about the reliability and resilience of the local agri-food sector in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. The results reveal that while consumer perceptions driving local food consumption at an early phase of the pandemic remained stable at large, the perceived relevance of the local agri-food sector attenuated. Consumers showed strong beliefs in the local agriculture as a reliable and trustworthy partner during the pandemic guaranteeing food supply security. Based on these findings, the paper discusses how these insights into consumer perceptions in response to macro-level disruptions might help to better understand short-term demand-side implications of other forms of external crises affecting local food production and supply. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for practitioners and avenues for future research to determine implications from a long-term perspective.

Ordos is an ecological fragile area in the upstream and midstream of the Yellow River and a component of the ecological security barrier on the northern frontier of China. With population growth in recent years, the contradiction between human beings and land resources has become increasingly prominent, leading to increased food security risks. Since 2000, the local government has implemented a series of ecological projects to guide farmers and herdsmen to transform from extensive production to intensive production, which has optimized the pattern of food production and consumption. It is necessary to study the balance between food supply and demand to evaluate food self-sufficiency. Here, we used the panel data from 2000 to 2020 collected based on random sampling surveys to reveal the characteristics of food production and consumption, the changes in food self-sufficiency rate and the dependence of food consumption on local production in Ordos. The results showed that food production and consumption dominated by grains have been increasing. The residents' diets were characterized by excessive consumption of grains and meat, and insufficient consumption of vegetables, fruits, and dairy foods. On the whole, the locality has achieved self-sufficiency, because the food supply exceeded the demand during the two decades. However, the self-sufficiency of different food types varied greatly, as some foods, such as wheat, rice, pork, poultry, and eggs, have not been self-sufficient. Due to the increased and diversified food demand of residents, food consumption became less dependent on local production and more dependent on food imported from the central and eastern China, which threatened local food security. The study can provide a scientific basis for decision-makers for the structural adjustment of agricultural and animal husbandry and the structural adjustment of food consumption, to ensure food security and sustainable utilization of land resources.