Food Security of Organic Rice Farmers in Central Java and Yogyakarta in Indonesia

This study aims to determine whether there is a significant difference in productivity between organic and inorganic rice farming, whether there is a significant difference in technical efficiency between organic nd inorganic rice farming, and whether fertilizer costs, labor costs, arable land area, and the length of the use of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) have a significant effect on the organic rice production. The target of this research is the improvement of economic efficiency and organic rice farming productivity in Purworejo District, Central Java. To achieve this target, this study used SRI method. The population was all farmers of inorganic and organic rice farming in Purworejo District. The samples consist of 45 people from organic rice farmers and 45 people from inorganic rice farmers in Ringgit Village, Purworejo. They were collected by random sampling and the data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis. Descriptive analysis was done by comparing all necesary activities in both organic and inorganic rice farming. The descriptive analysis concludes that there is a difference in terms of the selection of seeds, seedlings, seed treatment before sowing, planting and watering, fertilizing, weeding and pest control. Quantitative analysis is done using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regeresi. The quantitative analysis concludes that there is a significant difference in productivity between organic rice farming and inorganic rice farming. There is a significant difference in technical efficiency between organic rice farming and inorganic rice farming. Fertilizer costs, labor costs, arable land area, and the length of the use of SRI method have a significant effect on the organic rice production.

Organic farming for sustainable agriculture still needs proof and various efforts in achievement. The research objective was comparing the income and profits of organic rice and rice conventions and to determine the feasibility of organic rice farming and rice conventions in Karanganyar District, Kebumen Regency, Central Java. The data used are primary data of rice farming data in two season planting. Sampling in this study used the census method in which all members of the population were used as respondents, namely as many as 25 organic farmers and proportional random sampling where the respondents were equalized as many as 25 conventional farmers. The results showed that: 1) Organic rice farming has higher income and profits when compared to conventional income and profits. 2) Based on the feasibility analysis of organic rice farming, it is more feasible than conventional rice, which can be seen from the ratio of R/C, land productivity, capital productivity, labor productivity. The farmers should run the rice organic farm to increase their income and sustainable agriculture.

The area of organic rice land has increased, but changing organic farming is not easy. Changes are made by transitioning from non-organic to semi organic farming. This prospect is very profitable but the feasibility level is not yet known. This study aims to: analyze the income of semi organic and non-organic rice farming in Gapoktan Saluyu; analyzing the feasibility of semi organic and non-organic rice farming in Gapoktan Saluyu; analyze the comparison of income and feasibility of semi organic and non-organic rice farming in Gapoktan Saluyu. The research method used is a quantitative method with. Collecting data with primary data through interviews with questionnaires, while secondary data obtained from agencies relates to research. Research respondents were 25 semi organic rice farmers and 25 non-organic farmers purposively by considering the same criteria. The analysis technique used is income, feasibility analysis by looking for the R/C ratio, and Break Event Point, an independent sample t-test on income and feasibility analysis. The results of the study: Semi organic rice farming generates an income of Rp. 19.889.970 ha/season, while non organcic is Rp. 10.188.991 ha/season, R/C ratio value of semi organic rice farming is 3,19 while non organic 1,86, BEP Production of semi organic rice farming is 2.441 kg while non organic farming is 3.344 kg, BEP price of semi organic rice farming is Rp. 1.850/kg while non organic farming is Rp. 2.985/kg, an independent sample t-test on income and feasibility it concluded that semi organic rice farming hingher than non organic rice farming

Rice farming is the dominant farming business in Java, one of which is Central Java. Rice is still the primadonna commodity because the staple food of most Indonesian people is rice. Currently, there is starting to be a shift from previously conventional farming techniques to organic farming to maintain soil fertility and environmental safety. This research aims to analyze the income and feasibility of organic rice farming and conventional rice farming in Mojogedang District, Karanganyar Regency and was carried out in June-August 2023. This research was carried out using a quantitative approach and descriptive analysis. The research location was determined purposively in the Tani Mulyo 1 Group, Mojogedang District, Karanganyar Regency, involving 25 organic rice farmers and 25 conventional rice farmers. This research uses cost, revenue, income analysis, and also feasibility analysis using the R/C ratio and Break Event Point (BEP). The results of the analysis show that the total cost of organic rice farming is IDR. 9,960,600,- and costs for conventional rice farming are IDR. 10,117,375,-. Average revenue from organic farming is Rp. 47,094,000,- and the average revenue from conventional rice farming is Rp. 40,414,400. Based on these results, the difference between revenues and costs is known so that the income obtained in organic rice farming is Rp. 37,133,400,- and conventional rice farming income is Rp. 30,297,025,-. The R/C ratio value for organic rice farming is 4.73 and for conventional rice farming is 3.99. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that organic rice farming and conventional rice farming are both feasible to run, but organic rice farming will provide a higher level of profit.

Organic rice agriculture in Jember Regency was first developed in Rowosari Village, Sumberjambe Sub-district in 2012, by “Tani Jaya 2” Farmer Group. The purpose of this research was to analyze the comparative and competitive advantages of organic rice farming in Sumberjambe Sub-District, Jember Regency, as well as the impact of government policies on organic rice farming. A purposive sampling method was carried out during this research and the members of “Tani Jaya 2” Farmer Group, Rowosari Village, Sumberjambe Sub-district, which runs organic rice farming was the sample of it. The analysis method used in this research was PAM (Policy Analysis Matrix). The results show that organic red rice farming in Sumberjambe Sub-district, Jember Regency had a comparative and competitive advantages which indicate by the organic rice farming competitiveness. The results of PAM analysis show that the policy impact on the output of organic rice farming had a positive impact on organic red rice farming, and the impact of tradable input policies had a negative impact on organic red rice farming. It can be concluded that the government policies on tradable input and output, while non-tradable inputs gave a positive impact on organic red rice farming in Sumberjambe Sub-district.

<p>The farmers realize that Green Revolution technology with external inputs (mineral fertilizer and pesticide) is no longer sustainable and cost production become too expensive. The farmers want to move to organic, semi organic and some remain doing conventional farming system. The aim of the research was to study the dynamic of soil fertilities and biomass production under organic, semi organic and conventional rice farming systems. The study was conducted in Termes Village Sambung Macan Sub District, Sragen District, Central Java and Analytical Laboratory of the Yogyakarta Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology from March 2017 to 2018. Soil composites were taken in March 2017 and in 2018 at organic, semi organic and conventional rice farming systems. The results showed that in general the soil chemical fertility taken in 2018 under three rice farming were better than soil sampled in 2017 including pH, C organic, N total, P and K extracted with HCl 25 %. The same results were happened in rice biomass production, in organic rice farming was more excellent compared to semi organic and conventional rice farming and in semi organic was better than conventional rice farming because of soil C-organic content were higher.</p>

This study analysed the factors affecting the adoption of organic rice production in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire completed by 108 farmers: (58 organic rice farmers and 50 non-organic rice farmers) in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. A t-test was employed to investigate the differences in the demographics of organic and non-organic rice farmers, and percentage mean, and standard deviation was used to describe farmers’ attitudes. Logistic regression was employed to investigate factors influencing organic rice adoption, educational level, and farm size were significantly different between the organic and non-organic rice farmers. Education (positive), farming experience (positive), age of household head (negative) and farm size (negative) had highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) influences on organic farming adoption. The farmers’ attitude toward environmental concern was the most important reason for adopting organic rice farming. This research identified the factors affecting the adoption of organic rice farming; this information can be used to encourage farmers to practice organic rice farming in the targeted organic rice area in Thailand. In addition, the farmers’ attitudes toward organic farming systems could be used to help support farmers practicing organic rice farming.
 Keywords: organic rice adoption, organic rice production, organic farming adoption, farmer attitudes.

The demand for organic rice has increased over time. This situation is driven by a sense of security for consumers of organic rice because there is no chemical residue. However, consumer demand has not been able to be met by the Sawangan Organic Farmers Association because of limited land for organic cultivation. The research aims to formulate a strategy for developing sustainable organic rice farming based on internal and external factors. This research was conducted in Sawangan Organic Farmers Association with the consideration was the pioneer of organic rice farmer groups in Central Java, and already had an organic certificate. Respondents were 25 stake holders who had information and experience for the development of organic rice farming including farmer group administrators, people in charge of organic rice production and post-harvest fields, chairman, Agricultural Extension Center, Agricultural Office of Magelang Regency, consumers of organic rice products chosen purposively. The stages in formulating a strategy for developing organic rice farming are data collection stages: IFE and EFE; data analysis stages: SWOT and decision-making stages: QSPM. The results showed that the priority strategy for the development of organic rice farming partnering with restaurants, hotels or hospitals in Magelang Regency and campaigning to the community about the benefits and importance of organic rice certification

The study aimed to calculate the livelihood vulnerability of organic and non-organic rice farmers' households to climate change. The sample was determined by a census comprising 60 organic and 80 non-organic rice farmers who lived in Pematang Sawa Sub-district, Tanggamus Region, Lampung Province, Indonesia. The livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) was measured based on seven main indicators: natural disaster and climate variability, agriculture profile, food security, water security, food/rice consumption, educational attainment, and income. The results showed that organic rice farmers' households were more vulnerable in terms of natural disaster and climate variability, water security, food consumption, education, and income, while non-organic rice farmers' households were more vulnerable in terms of agriculture profile and food security. Using the LVI framework approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (LVI-IPCC), non-organic rice farmers’ households were found to be more vulnerable to climate change than organic rice farmers' households. To better observe the vulnerability of organic and non-organic rice farmers' households to climate change, future studies should be conducted in two distant locations (e.g., different regions or provinces) because different climate components could significantly influence the findings. Rice farmers' households could become less vulnerable by providing them with objective climate information that will encourage them to adopt the necessary climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. Further support is needed in the form of resources aid programs, such as the provision of irrigation systems or pumping wells, as well as livestock aid to increase the farmers’ income.

Abstract. Rozaki Z, Al Hadi SS, Rahmawati N, Triyono, Ardila RA, Pamungkas HW, Fathurrohman YE. 2025. The feasibility insights of organic rice farming from Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 122-130. Agricultural practices are increasingly moving towards environmentally friendly and health-conscious approaches, including organic rice farming. This is also supported by the increasing demand for organic rice among consumers who care about health and the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of organic rice farming in Yogyakarta and Central Java considering costs, income, profitability, and sustainability among 150 organic rice farmers randomly selected from five districts. The results showed that the average cost incurred for organic rice farming was IDR 11,832,023 per hectare per year, while the income generated reached IDR 14,943,216 per hectare per year. Based on the data, the net income of farmers was IDR 3,111,193 per hectare per year. The feasibility analysis using the R/C ratio showed a value of IDR 1.26, indicating that for every IDR 1.00 spent, farmers earn IDR 1.26, with a profit of IDR 0.26. This implies that organic rice farming is not only environmentally friendly but also financially feasible, with favorable cost-benefit ratios, as it reduces the costs incurred by farmers. In conclusion, the development of organic rice farming has great potential, specifically since consumers, through their demand for organic rice, play a crucial and influential role in its growth.

Abstract. Rozaki Z, Vionanda R, Rahmawati N, Triyono. 2025. Stakeholders' roles and policy effectiveness in organic rice farming development in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 513-521. In Central Java and Yogyakarta, organic rice farming has grown rapidly in response to increasing consumer demand and farmer awareness of environmental and health concerns. Between 2019 and 2022, the volume of organic rice trade rose significantly from 491.4 tons to 7,795.9 tons, highlighting the urgent need for supportive policies and governance structures. This study aims to analyze the roles of key stakeholders and assess the effectiveness of agricultural policies in promoting organic rice farming across five districts. A qualitative descriptive approach was applied, using purposive sampling to select 18 key informants, including officials from agricultural offices, extension advisors, and farmer group leaders. The findings show that stakeholders play a central and invaluable role in policy creation and information dissemination, yet marketing-related policies remain underdeveloped. Existing programs mainly provide production-side support, including subsidies for inputs, certification assistance, training, and extension services, all confirmed by farmers as received. While these interventions effectively enhance productivity, they have a limited impact on marketing efficiency. Further analysis highlights the need for stronger communication between policymakers and farmer groups, as well as better support for market access and post-harvest handling. The study recommends establishing district-level organic marketing boards, embedding farmer feedback into policy cycles, and encouraging local governments to adopt region-specific regulations that foster sustainable organic farming systems.

One of the organic farming goals is improving soil properties to support sustainable rice production. This study investigated the soil properties and rice yields under temporal variation of organic rice fields. Soil sampling was conducted in organic rice fields with three temporal variations, namely 0, 4, 7, and 10 years in a tropical monsoon region in Central Java, Indonesia. Variables observed included soil organic carbon, soil carbon stock, soil microbes population, dissolved organic carbon, soil liquid limit, soil sticky limit, soil plasticity limit, soil color changing limit, soil friability, soil porosity, soil total nitrogen, soil total phosphorus, soil available sulfur, exchangeable calcium, cation exchange capacity, total potassium, bulk density, base saturation, exchangeable sodium, exchangeable potassium, and rice yield. This study confirms that soil organic carbon increased by 51.63% within 10 years (from 1.84% to 2.79%). Organic farming also improved all the physical, chemical, and biological soil properties, by the increase of soil organic carbon. However, soil organic carbon is mostly determined by soil cation exchange capacity, soil total phosphorus, and soil porosity. The mechanism of rice yield increase in organic rice farming is not affected by soil organic carbon directly but through the synergic increase in soil total nitrogen. The 1% increase of soil organic carbon increases 0.065% of soil total nitrogen hence rice yield increases by 1.66 tons ha<sup>-1</sup>. This study supports sustainable agriculture by providing evidence of improved soil properties under organic farming.

The application of organic farming on rice farming in Indonesia is still new to know. The farming interested if efficiency economics. The meaning efficiency economics if the technical efficiency. This research aimed to evaluate the performance of organic rice farming systems, focusing on: (1) identifying the range of application of organic farming on rice farming, (2) analyzing the productivity and income from applying organic farming, and (3) analyzing the technical efficiency of applying organic farming and identifying factors that influence it.<br />The study was conducted in Malang Regency with take sample Sumber Ngepoh village, Lawang, Malang. This village is purposively taken because this is only a village in East Java which has obtained a certificate as a producer of organic rice from Organic Certification Agency. Furthermore, farmers did not interested application of organic farming. The sample of farmers 120 respondents selected by using non-proportionate stratified random sampling among those applying organic rice farming. The data are anal<br />The results at the study stage show that there was diversity between implementing organic and agricultural organic farming system. This diversity reached only 8,33 percent application of organic rice farming of the total land area, while the rest was still in the transitional stage of applying organic system. The application of organic rice farming must independently be able to increase production and income of the farmer. <br />Judging from the level of technical efficiency, the application of organic rice farming is generally quite high, above the value of TE (technical efficiency) 0.8, while applying an independent organic farming has higher technical efficiency than others. Determinant of technical efficiency is the practice of Sekolah Lapang or Field School and the independence of farmers in affording resources locally.<br /><br />Keywords: Technical efficiency, independence of rice farming system, Organic farming applications.<br /><br />

<p>The application of organic farming on rice farming in Indonesia is still new to know. The farming interested if efficiency economics. The meaning efficiency economics if the technical efficiency. This research aimed to evaluate the performance of organic rice farming systems, focusing on: (1) identifying the range of application of organic farming on rice farming, (2) analyzing the productivity and income from applying organic farming, and (3) analyzing the technical efficiency of applying organic farming and identifying factors that influence it.<br />The study was conducted in Malang Regency with take sample Sumber Ngepoh village, Lawang, Malang. This village is purposively taken because this is only a village in East Java which has obtained a certificate as a producer of organic rice from Organic Certification Agency. Furthermore, farmers did not interested application of organic farming. The sample of farmers 120 respondents selected by using non-proportionate stratified random sampling among those applying organic rice farming. The data are anal<br />The results at the study stage show that there was diversity between implementing organic and agricultural organic farming system. This diversity reached only 8,33 percent application of organic rice farming of the total land area, while the rest was still in the transitional stage of applying organic system. The application of organic rice farming must independently be able to increase production and income of the farmer. <br />Judging from the level of technical efficiency, the application of organic rice farming is generally quite high, above the value of TE (technical efficiency) 0.8, while applying an independent organic farming has higher technical efficiency than others. Determinant of technical efficiency is the practice of Sekolah Lapang or Field School and the independence of farmers in affording resources locally.</p><p>Keywords: Technical efficiency, independence of rice farming system, Organic farming applications.<br /><br /></p>

Organic rice farming is a rice cultivation activity applies ecological principles without using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The big challenge for organic rice farming is climate change in the form of high temperatures, drought, high rainfall which is difficult to predict. This situation have an impact on decline in production and income of organic rice farming. The objective of the study was to determine the income organic rice farming and analyzes the levels and factors affecting production risk of organic rice. The study was conducted in Magelang Regency with consideration that is a pilot project for organic rice farming in Indonesia and have farmer groups received organic certification. Respondents consisted of 75 organic rice farmers selected using simple random sampling methods. The data was taken through interviews based on questionnaires and documentation methods. Production risks were analyzed using the coefficient of variation and factors that influence production risk were analyzed using the Cobb-Douglass production function with Just and Pope approach. The results showed that the income of organic rice farming on an average land area of 3,690 m2 was IDR 6,694,860. Organic rice farming has a low production risk category. Factors that affect the production risk are land area and labor.