Bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe jako indykator zrównoważonego spożycia.

Part 1 Concept and elements of food security: The concept of food security - why food insecurity?, famines and relief what about the future? - elements of food security. Part 2 Production and supply: food staple and cereal production consumption self-sufficiency ratios adequacy of consumption food security status filling the consumption gap variability of food prices. Part 3 Factors contributing to domestic production: sources of growth and variability of production - an overview the regional setting resource base and environmental concerns input supply credit research and extension marketing pricing and distribution manpower women and household food security traditional crop development. Part 4 Entitlement: distribution of landholdings landlessness and near-landlessness land reform - an answer to access and landlessness? poverty, employment and real wages household coping strategies emergency food relief emergency production support for rehabilitation general and targetted approaches to food assistance evolution of food aid by use stabilization of prices and income micro-enterprises livestock and fisheries production participation - a key to entitlement food entitlement and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Part 5 The macro-economic environment and food security: internal macro-economic environment external macro-economic environment internal and international structural adjustments and food security the world beyond - North South and South-South relations. Part 6 Options for the future: general policies targetted policies at the international level regional policies. Part 7 A final word. Annexes: country groups growth rates food security index (food supply status, food supply trends, food production trend) internal balance status of developing countries nominal and real agricultural interest rates external balance status of developing countries export prices of cereals and soybeans export prices of selected food commodities, 1985-88 long-term net aggregate flows and net transfers to developing countries employment.

Economic Reforms and Food Security

Ensuring a sufficient level of food for the population in both quantitative and qualitative terms is a priority for most countries as well as for governmental and non-governmental bodies – be they national, regional or international. The United Nations (UN) stresses the fact that one of the biggest problems the world is facing today is food insecurity. Most people enjoy food security, but the reverse is an unquestionable daily reality for nearly a billion people around the world. The concept of food security has had different meanings at different times, the definition changing over the years but the fundamental concept behind it remaining the same. When defining food security, we have to adopt a comprehensive approach, taking into account the economical, political, social and cultural factors that shape it, as well as find practical solutions to ensure its continued existence. Thus, resolving the food problem and ensuring food security must start from studying the relationship between consumption needs and the available food resources, rely on anthropometric research methods, and target population segments according to their biological needs. Starting from the study of the conceptual framework offered by the specialized literature, the present paper aims to clarify and identify the aspects which lie at the basis of studying the food security / insecurity for a population, through exploratory research. The exploratory research of an individual’s food and nutritional security allows for a profound understanding of the concept, the factors that affect it and the interdependence between them, it also ensures a qualitative information gathering process. The results of the study may develop into measures aimed at improving individual food security as part of national food security. This research is done through the method of survey among the students of the Faculty of Business and Tourism, part of the Academy of Economic Studies. The statistical tool used was a questionnaire to identify the nutritional status of the respondents, but also their eating habits. Starting from the necessity of correcting imbalances in the behaviour related to food consumption, our scientific approach can be used to establish solutions for improving food consumption at the individual level, as a dimension of food security, for a segment of the population in Romania.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated problems of ensuring food security for all strata of the population of many countries of the world, including Russia. For scientific research of these problems, development and implementation of effective practical recommendations in the international scientific community has developed an interdisciplinary the concept of “food security”. Food security is a stable condition processes, mechanisms, infrastructures, relationships and influences related to food production, storage, transportation, supply, consumption and disposal food waste. The concept of food security it is the key to studying the problems of providing for the population food economists, lawyers, specialists management and logistics, marketers, social psychologists, nutritionists, as well as specialists in the field of other sciences. Its place in comprehensive security research food security is also found by the sociology of nutrition, which studies food systems, first of all, in its links such as the consumption of food by various social groups and food waste management. During the third stage of the sociological research, the topic which was the change in the eating behavior of various socio-demographic groups of Russian society in the conditions of ongoing pandemics, the author’s team conducted an analysis of food practices children and adolescents in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods of conducting smart survey and in-depth interviews were selected for the research. Analysis the results of the study allowed us to formulate recommendations, which can be used in educational and educational institutions, as well as in families for the formation of a food culture children and adolescents, improving food security of the specified socio-demographic group.

The article examines the evolution of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of food security, which is an important stage for understanding changes and trends in this area. The issue of food security has always been important throughout human history. At all stages of social development, ensuring adequate levels of food production and distribution has been critical to the survival and prosperity of nations. Research on the definition of food security has been reviewed and systematized and found to have evolved significantly, from an initial focus on food sufficiency to a more comprehensive approach that includes aspects of availability, utilization, and sustainability. In the early stages, the main emphasis was on providing a sufficient number of products to meet the basic needs of the population. In this context, food security was reduced to the availability of food resources at the national or regional level. The main attention was paid to the volume of food production and supply, which met the economic and demographic challenges of the time. Over time, in response to global changes and challenges such as economic crises, climate change, political instability, and growing inequality, approaches to food security have become more complex. In the 1970s, the concept of food security began to include the economic availability of food, which involved taking into account the ability of the population to purchase sufficient food. This expansion of the concept reflected the growing importance of socio-economic aspects in ensuring food security. In the 1980s, the concept of food security was supplemented by the aspect of food use. This included the proper storage, preparation, and consumption of food to ensure optimal nutrition for the population. This meant that food security issues went beyond the simple availability of food and began to encompass food quality and safety. In the early 21st century, a sustainability aspect was added to the concept of food security. It offers its own approaches to defining the concept of “food security” at different levels, which contributes to a deeper understanding of this multifaceted problem and can be useful for the development of effective strategies for ensuring food security in modern conditions.

Grains are the most important group of products in the food security programs of the Arab countries. These countries suffer from a shortage of food in general and in particular a shortage of grains. This results from a rapidly growing population and growing disposable incomes.This paper describes the grain sector in the economy of the Arab countries with special attention to its role in the national and regional food security programs. First, output and consumption of grains between 1973 and 1984 are analysed in all Arab countries, with special attention to wheat. Second, the concept of food security is discussed. Food security is defined as continuity of food supply to the whole population and unhampered access to food by all groups of the population. Food security is considered principally as a problem of short‐term variability of food production and instability of imports. Food insecurity is thus measured by the size of production and consumption variability in relation to the long‐term levels of consumption and production. The standard deviation and the coefficient of variation are used as indicators of the variability.Last, strategies and policies for achievement of food security are discussed. The growing food supply gap in the Arab countries implies the need to increase grain production as an element of major importance in the development of food‐security programs. Proper grain policies must foresee increases of yields, reduction of post‐harvest losses, and increased capacity to handle and store grain reserves. The establishment of national and regional Arab strategic grain stocks equal to the average magnitude of harvest shortfalls is recommended as one measure of short‐term strategy. The long‐term strategy, in turn, focuses on development of domestic agricultural production and greater cooperation among the Arab countries.

In Sub-Saharan Africa the food supply, determined by the performance of a largely subsistence and poorly structured agriculture, remains dependent on the climatic conditions. In such situation, the training on food and nutrition and the need of curricula review processes in agricultural higher education is an important issue. The present study aimed to assess the embodiment of the concept of food security in the agricultural department of the NAZI BONI University. The department was audited using the AIFSHE tool, and a total of fifty persons attended the audit. A survey was also carried out at university and research levels where three hundred and twenty eight persons responded, and a focus group discussion was done during a workshop where a total of one hundred and fifteen stakeholders participated. The results of the audit showed good results, about the network of the university and the educational methods and pedagogy. However, the vision and strategy for food security in the country are implicit and not well defined in the university documents. The surveys reported that the curricula and research topics contained very few aspects of food security. The workshop proposed that students should be allowed in the design of food security curricula and that the food security mission at university level should be clearly defined in an integrated coordinated manner by involving many ministries, to ensure a well-balanced approach to its dimensions. With respect to research, it was highlighted that the university could focus its research activities in the area of agricultural extension in order to contribute to improving food consumption at household level and the population welfare, with the best utilisation of national funding. The findings of the study imply that agricultural higher education has a key role to play to contribute to the achievement of food and nutrition security in the country, and therefore, policy makers should give opportunities and facilities to these institutions.

Abstract: This research will examine two important issues in relation to Islamic boarding schools. The first issue is related to ecology and the second issue is related to food and energy security, to be precise at the Riyadul Jannah Islamic Boarding School, Pacet, Mojoketo. This Islamic boarding school has long developed organic farming, such as rice, vegetables and fisheries in a well-systemized manner. Starting from the upstream (selection of planting, planting, maintenance) to the downstream (distribution) is well conceptualized. This research focuses on three research focuses, namely 1) What is the concept of ecology, food security and energy at the Riyadul Jannah Islamic Boarding School, Pacet, Mojoketo. 2) How is the ecology, food security and energy implementation of the Riyadul Jannah Islamic Boarding School, Pacet, Mojoketo? 3) How is the impact of agriculture with the concept of ecology, food security and energy for Riyadul Jannah Islamic Boarding School, Pacet, Mojoketo? This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study design. The case study design was chosen because the researcher wanted to see this contemporary phenomenon (ecology, food security and energy) as a whole.

The article provides a classification and in-depth analysis of the determinants affecting global food security in the current environment. The concept of food security is considered as a complex multidimensional phenomenon that includes physical, economic and social availability of food, as well as its quality and stability of supply. The criteria for typification of the relevant determinants of food security are highlighted, which allows to systematize numerous factors that affect the state and development of food security. In particular, these parameters include: the nature of the impact, duration and scale of action, level of controllability. The global determinants of food security are classified. The main groups are economic, socio-demographic, environmental, political, technological, institutional and globalization factors. Their interaction determines the level of availability, sustainability and efficiency of food supply at both the national and global levels. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of current challenges: armed conflicts and political instability, which pose significant risks to market stability, climate change, which threatens to reduce agricultural productivity, as well as economic and social factors affecting the availability and consumption of food. The role of international trade, technological innovations and institutional capacity in shaping the sustainability of food systems is analyzed separately. It is found that it is the complex interaction of these heterogeneous factors that determines the level of food security sustainability at the global level. In addition, the author emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring and adaptation of measures in response to changes in the external environment, especially in the context of growing global risks, such as pandemics, economic crises and extreme climate events. Thus, ensuring food security in the XXI century requires a deeper understanding of multifactorial processes and coordination of international efforts to maintain the stability and availability of food resources.

Aggregate estimates of food expenditure are consistent with such a possibility, implying income/expenditure elasticities close to one. However, the high degree of aggregation at which such estimates are made means that the considerable increase in price per nutrient as income increases is ignored, and the nutrient elasticities are therefore overstated. Estimates for a rural south Indian sample indicate that this bias is considerable and that the true nutrient elasticities with respect to income may be close to zero.

The concept of food security appeared in policy forums and documents during the 1970s as a concern largely for developing countries. Today, food security stands centre stage in developing and developed nations. It is a multidimensional concept, which rests on the four pillars of availability, access, utilisation and stability. As our understanding of this complex concept deepens, there are persuasive arguments to add the elements of food agency, food sovereignty and food sustainability, to make it a six-pillar framework. The argument is that this framework better informs policy and global responses to short- and long-term food security challenges. One of the main challenges of the concept of food security is its measurement. This arises due to the fact that there are multiple units of analysis at macro, meso and micro levels. Even the pillars of food security are measured at different scales. This has resulted in the proliferation of hundreds of food security metrics and definitions. The currently accepted definition of food security encapsulates the complexity of the concept but does not assist in developing appropriate metrics. Development projects in Africa that state food security as an objective need to develop relevant food security definitions to guide the assessment of achieving that objective, otherwise measuring its success is reduced to an evaluation of increase in food production—yet we know food security goes beyond production.

PurposeIn our world, nearly nine million people die every year from hunger, losing one person to hunger every few seconds. Ethiopia is among the leading countries in the total number of people facing hunger. Several actions have been taken to achieve food security globally and at the household level. However, the problem of food insecurity is still high in many parts of the world. Why are we failing to achieve food security? And where should we start? This study aims to answer these main questions.Design/methodology/approachRelevant quantitative and qualitative data were duly used to describe food insecurity and associated climate factors globally and nationally. For this, PRISMA review methodology was used to help the systematic review. More than 90 relevant empirical and theoretical literature in the field were reviewed in an integrated way with practical evidence from Ethiopia. Governmental technical reports, NGOs reviews and other relevant empirical data referring to Ethiopia are thematically analyzed.FindingsThe subjectivity, dynamism and complexity of the concept of food security are found to be some of the issues challenging the practice of achieving food security. The unresolved issues in the combination and interaction of the four pillars of food security (food availability, access to food, food utilization and stability) are affecting its measurement. In this study, it is emphasized that food insecurity in rural and urban areas should be treated differently, as food insecurity in rural areas is directly related to food production which depends on rainfall patterns. In rural Ethiopia, rainfall variability was among the main causes of food insecurity. More importantly, it is indicated that rainfall variability does not affect all pillars of food security equally; its effect is more pronounced on food availability and stability aspects. Deconstructing the concept of food security to make it more pragmatic, and understanding the factors behind the rainfall variability should be the starting tasks in achieving food security. Further, even though food aid is preferred to react to transitory food insecurity, focusing on long-lasting preventive measures that address the root causes of the recurring food insecurity in rural areas of Ethiopia would be an effective way of addressing the problem.Practical implicationsPolicy makers and other governmental and humanitarian agencies working on food security can make an evidence-based decision, shape policies and programs if they have clear information about the features of food insecurity, the nature of rainfall variability and critiques of the reacting mechanisms to food insecurity. Shortages of food in some place and food price crises in the other places have been both referring to food insecurity. This makes the understanding of food security situations more difficult to explain and communicate.Originality/valueThis study primarily clarifies the conceptual complexity surrounding food security as it currently exists. Further, it provides a comprehensive and quantitative description of the state of global to national food security, along with the associated variability of rainfall patterns that are related to it. It also provides a brief overview of the intervention mechanisms for addressing food security, with a specific focus on Ethiopia. This study has set a clear demarcation to assess food security in rural and urban areas.

Working through the complexities of food insecurity with the intention to address issues requires taking a step back to the drawing board to firm up the understanding of food security through the principles that inform the governance framework of the right to food in the context of the current global food security crisis. Considering the multi-dimensional nature of food security in relation to the right to food alongside concepts such as food sovereignty, and issues such as climate change, food loss and food waste, economic and political turmoil is paramount in determining exactly why all people at all times do not have access to adequate food, or the means for its procurement. This commentary delves into the intricacies of the concept of food security, and the hindrances to realising food security for all by considering what food security is, and where, therefore, the challenges in effecting the right to food are. Through careful consideration of the components of the food security equation, this commentary seeks to show how the right to food comes down to more than ensuring that food is physically available. By connecting the right to food to the factors that affect food security and exploring the ways in which those factors can be broken down and addressed separately, this commentary ultimately advocates for the realisation of food security through collaboration. The consideration of the singular concepts that form the food security equation in solving the multi-dimensional food security problem through conjoined and synchronised efforts influenced by obligations of states and international organisations with mandates directly connected to, and influencing the different aspects of the food security equation. Using reports, statistics, theories and academic opinions, this commentary seeks to explore the different components, which form the concept of food security to draw conclusions and analyse existing systems in an attempt to determine what approaches could be considered in addressing the growing food security crisis and the concerns attached to it. Key words: Food security, right to food, climate change, crisis, malnutrition, food loss, food waste

The concepts of food security and food sustainability are two main paradigms in the food system discourse—however, they are often addressed separately in the scientific literature. We argue that this disconnect hinders a coherent discussion of sustainability transitions, which will be necessary to solve problems (environmental, social, economic, and health) generated by conventional food systems. Our review highlights linkages between sustainability transitions and food and nutrition security using the perspective of sustainable food systems. We explore the diversity of food security narratives and food sustainability paradigms in the agro‐food arena, analyze relations between food security and food systems sustainability, and suggest options to foster a transition toward sustainable food systems. It is widely acknowledged that food systems sustainability must entail long‐term food and nutrition security in its availability, access, utilization, and stability dimensions. For food systems to deliver food and nutrition security for present and future generations, all their components need to be sustainable, resilient, and efficient. These linkages between food sustainability and food and nutrition security intersect at global, national, local, and household levels. Different strategies can be pursued to foster sustainability transitions in food systems: efficiency increase (e.g., sustainable intensification), demand restraint (e.g., sustainable diets), and food systems transformation (e.g., alternative food systems). Creating sustainable food systems requires moving from an agriculture‐centered to a food system policy and research framework. This will be fundamental to foster the complex and holistic transformation necessary to achieve sustainable food systems, which is, in turn, a prerequisite to achieving sustainable food and nutrition security.

Currently, threats to food security reach a global scale. To a large extent, this is caused by the full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of Ukraine and the losses that occurred as a result of the war. In general, before the war, Ukraine supplied 10% of world exports of wheat, more than 15–20% of barley, and more than 50% of sunflower oil. After the Russian invasion, Ukraine restricted the export of some grains. According to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet, due to Ukraine's war with Russia, the number of people with a lack of food will increase by 47 million during the year and will be almost 323 million by the end of the year. First of all, the term food security refers to the availability of food for people without any scarcity, and it is considered that food security is effectively achieved when a person is not afraid of or susceptible to hunger, and is used as a criterion to prevent food shortages or disruptions in the future in a few factors Such factors are considered dangerous, including drought and wars and other problems, if they threaten food security. Absolute food security is defined as the production of food in one country at a level equal to or even exceeding domestic demand and can sometimes be considered to achieve the concept of complete self-sufficiency. Indicators of relative food security relate to the state's ability to produce and supply what the population needs in the form of food in whole or in part. From this we conclude that the concept of food security refers to the need to provide the population with the necessary food products, which may depend on cooperation with other countries or only on self-sufficiency. The Covid-15 pandemic and the war have broken many chains of the global food security system, and as a result, there have been significant disruptions in the uninterrupted supply of food to consumers at reasonable prices. The methodology is based on the analysis of scientific problems according to the nature of the research object, based on such methods of scientific knowledge as direct (empirical) analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, historical method. The results of the study relate to the presentation of the concept of food security and the degree of influence on it by natural disasters and geopolitical conflicts, in particular the war between Russia and Ukraine, the study of individual indicators of Ukrainian exports that affect the food security of some Arab and African countries, as well as the volumes of production and exports in different periods . Such indicators show a brief overview of the importance of Ukraine as a "food-nurse" for some countries and the consequences that will occur if the supply of agricultural products from Ukraine is stopped from both large and small businesses.