Food Front in Australia

Somatic cloning is emerging as a new biotechnology by which the opportunities arising from the advances in molecular genetics and genome analysis can be implemented in animal breeding. Significant improvements have been made in SCNT protocols in the past years which now allow to embarking on practical applications. The main areas of application of SCNT are: Reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and basic research. A great application potential of SCNT based cloning is the production of genetically modified (transgenic) animals. Somatic cell nuclear transfer based transgenic animal production has significant advances over the previously employed microinjection of foreign DNA into pronuclei of zygotes. This cell based transgenesis is compatible with gene targeting and allows both, the addition of a specific gene and the deletion of an endogenous gene. Efficient transgenic animal production provides numerous opportunities for agriculture and biomedicine. Regulatory agencies around the world have agreed that food derived from cloned animals and their offspring is safe and there is no scientific basis for questioning this. Commercial application of somatic cloning within the EU is via the Novel Food regulation EC No. 258/97. Somatic cloning raises novel questions regarding the ethical and moral status of animals and their welfare which has prompted a controversial discussion in Europe which has not yet been resolved.

The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Food Supply in the Emergency Food System: A Case Study at 2 Food Pantries.

Menaquinones, bacteria, and the food supply: the relevance of dairy and fermented food products to vitamin K requirements.

Ensuring Safe Food for Infants: The Importance of an Integrated Approach to Monitor and Reduce the Risks of Biological, Chemical, and Physical Hazards

Major regulatory changes will result in new labels for nearly every packaged food product by 1994.' In addition, many fresh products will begin to carry nutrition labels on a voluntary basis. These new labels are the joint product of legislative mandates and on-going initiatives undertaken by the regulatory agencies since 1990. The impact of these changes on the food system would likely be substantial under any circumstances. However, several forces are poised that may cause labeling reform to have far-reaching effects on food demand and marketing strategies. The forces include a critical mass of understanding by consumers of diet-health linkages, extensive public nutrition education efforts proposed to accompany introduction of new labels, and food processors' heightened focus on nutritional and health attributes in marketing products. Together, these forces may cause major shifts in the composition of the U.S. food supply. The impact's extent depends on how information changes, which in turn depends on the new regulatory environment; current levels of information on and use of food labels; and strategic responses of food producers, processors, and distributors.

By the beginning of the war, Germany's over‐all self‐sufficiency in food had reached a level of approximately 83 per cent., on the peace‐time basis of 2,200—2,400 calories per person per day. In respect to some types of food, however, the situation was not satisfactory. For example, before the war she produced approximately 73 per cent. of fish requirements, 12 per cent. of corn, 50 per cent. of legumes, and 60 per cent. of fat within her own boundaries. The country could be fed at a reduced level by the produce raised within its own boundaries if food were perfectly controlled and evenly distributed. However, in practice, individual provinces were much less favourably situated in this respect. Western Germany, an area of relatively small and diversified farms, was critically dependent on the eastern provinces for its flour, grain, and potato supplies. It is clear that all German civilians could be fed at a uniform level of adequacy during a war only by control of the country's food supply at the national level and by the continued operation of the new transportation network of the country. For this reason the bombing of rail and inland water transportation facilities became such a serious threat to national uniformity in food distribution. Of the many kinds of centralised food processing industries known in the United States, only a few played an important role in the food supply of German civilians. The principal examples of these were grain milling, sugar production and refining, and the large bakeries of urban areas. The damage or destruction of these facilities, incidental to air attack on other industrial targets, seriously decreased their production capacity. Bombing destroyed the mills for processing 9 per cent. of the German rye output and 35 per cent. of the wheat output. Of the sugar refineries four plants producing 300,000 tons annually, were destroyed. This represents a 38 per cent. decrease in production of sugar. Similarly bombing of chemical plants was largely responsible for the decrease in the supply for fertiliser nitrogen. In 1939, 718,000 tons of fertiliser nitrogen were available, but by 1945 this had decreased to 140,000 tons. The significance of this destruction of facilities vital to the feeding of a country already on a border‐line diet is ominous. Reliable estimates indicate that aerial bombings destroyed 35 per cent. of Germany's total (approximately 460,000 square metres) cold storage capacity. The increased use of cold storage intensified their dependence on transportation and on the continuity of the power supply. Aerial attack, as a result, not only decreased usable cold storage space, but also seriously interfered with the operation of the remaining space by impeding shipments and interrupting sources of power. It was the constantly reiterated opinion of all food officials that the bomb destruction of the transportation network was the largest single factor contributing to the disruption of the food supply. Bulk shipments which had been carried on inland waterways were seriously impeded by the bombing of canals. Aerial attack against railway lines, bridges and terminal facilities caused widespread interruptions in service and destroyed rolling stock, freight en route and handling facilities at terminals. It is not possible at this time to state exactly in what measure the curtailment of the national diet contributed to the ultimate defeat of Germany. The evidence available indicates, however, that it was an important factor. There is in any case no doubt that strategic bombing is the major element contributing to the present shortage of food in Germany. It was not apparent that the Germans considered the vitamin and mineral content of food in determining the ration allowances of the people. Immediately with the beginning of the war, all the principal foods were rationed, so that the lack of recognition of the importance of the vitamin and mineral content of this ration actually was an additional point of vulnerability for the German diet. With a food economy so vulnerable it is not surprising to have found that the basic food rationing programme was abandoned early in 1945 when the destruction of transport and communications by the strategic air offensive attained major proportions. This necessitated falling back on the inadequate system of regional self‐supply. The destruction of large food stocks, processing plants and cold storage plants by bombing also contributed to the general deterioration of the German food supply. There is ample evidence for the conclusion that as a result of the strategic air offensive the nutritional demands for the continued health of the German people could not be met.

Machado, F.M.S. Estrategias de Concorrencia da Industria Alimenticia e seus Desdobramentos na Dimensao Nutricional [Competition Strategies of Food Industry and its Deployments in the Nutritional Dimension]. Sao Paulo (BR); 2003 [Tese de Doutorado FCF-FEA-FSP/USP]. Objective. The objective of the dissertation is to analyze the relation between modifications in dietary patterns of the population living in the city of Sao Paulo Brazil (food demand) and pattern and intensity of the competition inside Brazilian food industrial sector (food supply). Methodology. Data from Families Budget Inquiry (POFs) of Foundation Institute of Economic Research from University of Sao Paulo (FIPE-USP) are the analytical base of food demand evolution in Sao Paulo. The causal nexus between food demand and supply is established through the study of dynamic behavior of variables as competition among food firms, number of food products available, evolution of food prices and population income. The focus on dairy products' sector was performed because of its nutritional significance as food source of calcium. Results. Data analysis demonstrates occurrence of important changes in dietary patterns in Sao Paulo, emphasising the increase in high protein foods availability. The dynamics of food industrial sector competitive environment and the dairy prices evolution indicate the adoption of non-price competition strategies, such as product differentiation, which influenced positively dairy demand. Conclusion. Nutritional adequacy of the population's diet is a direct function of food demand composition, a variable highly correlated to economic factors, highlighting the role of firms strategic behavior in determining the food supply structure. Results show the extension of food firms strategies influence on consumers' buying patterns and, therefore, on population's dietary habits.

Needs-based food and nutrient security indices to monitor and modify the food supply and intakes: Taiwan, 1991–2010

A longitudinal survey of health and nutrition in China was undertaken in eight provinces (Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou). Data were collected in 1989, 1991, 1993 and 1997. The 1991 and 1993 data were used to investigate factors affecting intrahousehold food distribution. The discrepancy score and the ratio of food share to energy share were used to describe food distribution within households. Findings indicated that, in most cases, males had a higher proportion of nutrient intake than females, particularly in the young adult group where men presented with a higher discrepancy score than women for energy and all nutrients observed. The food and nutrient distribution tends to be more favourable to the middle-aged group, although the youngest group, while accepting relatively smaller amounts of cereals, ate much bigger amounts of meat, dairy products and fruits. Household members with higher incomes are more favoured in terms of food consumption and nutrient intake. Household leaders accepted a higher share of energy and nutrients in comparison with other members of the household across all age and sex groups. Administrators and people working in service or trade industries in rural areas are favoured in terms of food distribution relative to farmers and manual workers. Well-educated people accepted a better food allocation than others and those in employment received more nutrients than the unemployed. The 'contribution rule' (individuals who make a greater contribution to the family receive a larger share of the family's food) is discussed and deemed to be applicable in explaining the discrepancy in food distribution and nutrient intake among household members.

The supervision of food preparation, distribution, and supply centers to maintain the health of users is the responsibility of inspectors and environmental health experts of medical universities across the country. Proper inspection and control of these centers play an important role in preventing the occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases and protect the health of people in the community. Therefore, to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and the increasing number of patients with this disease, stricter control measures should be applied to food preparation, distribution, and supply centers, and health protocols should be inspected in these centers. Due to the shortage of environmental health forces, as well as the expansion of food preparation, distribution, and supply centers, the inspection of these centers and training of people in all centers regarding the observance of coronavirus prevention protocols are not possible. Therefore, the authors in this article suggest health volunteers as participants in overseeing food preparation, distribution, and supply centers. The active involvement and participation of health volunteers increase the sense of social responsibility and eliminate the sense of authority and dominance of formal organizations. After receiving face-to-face and virtual training on coronavirus prevention health protocols in food preparation, distribution, and supply centers, and visiting and monitoring several food centers alongside environmental health experts, health volunteers can carry out their activities for disease prevention and control. In this way, there will be a comprehensive determination to control the coronavirus in centers for the preparation, distribution, and supply of food. The results of these activities will have a positive effect on the health of people and society and ultimately the control of the disease.

Region-specific nutritious, environmentally friendly, and affordable diets in India

To examine how aligned the UK food supply is with the Eatwell Guide and identify discrepancies that should be addressed to support the availability of healthy diets for the population. A dietary gap assessment was carried out on the 2022 UK food supply with FAOSTAT Food Balance Sheets (FAO-FBS) data, including domestic production, imports and exports and excluding animal feed, seeds and non-food uses. Foods were grouped into potatoes and cereals, oils and spreads, dairy products, protein, fruit and vegetables and sugar. The percentage contribution of each food group to the food supply was compared with the Eatwell Guide. An overview of the food supply from 2010 to 2022 was also created. To triangulate the data, FAO-FBS data were compared with the 2022 data from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). UK, 2010-2022. N/A. The proportion of fruit and vegetables, potatoes and cereals in the UK food supply was lower than the Eatwell Guide, while dairy products and oil were higher. Only 7 % of the food produced in the UK in 2022 was fruit and vegetables. This was the second smallest proportion, after oils and spreads (6 %), and about half the amount of sugar beet produced (13 %). Although the relationship between food supply and consumption is complex, taking a more coherent approach by integrating dietary recommendations with the food supply could help increase the availability of the recommended healthy diet. Going forward, DEFRA should include dietary gap assessments in future Food Security Reports.

Food industry and engineering—Quo vadis?

Understanding Differences in Food Distribution Methods Among Food Pantries in Baltimore City, MD (P04-037-19)

Biogenic amines (BA) are organic, basic, nitrogenous compounds with biological activity, mainly formed by the decarboxylation of amino acids. BA are present in a wide range of foods, including dairy products, and can accumulate in high concentrations. In some cheeses more than 1000 mg of BA have been detected per kilogram of cheese. The consumption of food containing large amounts of these amines can have toxicological consequences. Although there is no specific legislation regarding the BA content in dairy products, it is generally assumed that they should not be allowed to accumulate. Greater knowledge of the factors involved in the synthesis and accumulation of BA should lead to a reduction in their incidence in foods. This article focuses on the factors that affect BA production, in particular environmental conditions, the microorganisms that produce them, the genetic organization and regulation of the biosynthetic pathways involved, and the available methods for detecting the presence of BA or BA-producing microorganisms in dairy products.