FOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERN AT A FAMILY LEVEL OF URBAN AREAS OF ANZOÁTEGUI, VENEZUELA

The nutritional status of toddlers is an indicator of the diversity of family food consumption. This research aims to determine the diversity of food consumption in families of stunted toddlers and its relationship to the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Batang Alai Selatan District, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, South Kalimantan. This type of associative research uses primary and secondary data sourced from respondents and BPS data from Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. This research uses analysis of food consumption patterns with the help of 24-hour food recall. The relationship between diversity in family food consumption and the incidence of stunting in children under five using Chi-square analysis. The research results show that the DDP score for food diversity for toddlers in Batang Alai Selatan District reached 77.3. The criteria for food consumption for families of children under five in the research area it still needs to be more diverse because it is still dominated by the grain food group (52.8%) and animal food (38.3%). The Chi-Square test results show that the relationship between food consumption diversity and the incidence of stunting in toddlers has an Asymp value. Sig. (2-sided) 0.000 < 0.05, the calculated Chi-Square value is 20.17 > Chi-square table 3.841, so it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the diversity of family food consumption and the incidence of stunting in toddlers

Background: Promoting a healthy diet and lifestyle to reduce the national burden of nutrition-related problems among Palestinians requires an understanding of food consumption trends and patterns. Few studies have examined the food consumption patterns with the macro and micronutrient intakes and nutrition risk factors. The objective of this study was to study the food frequency and nutrient intake consumption patterns of Palestinian schoolchildren and their associations with the socioeconomic and risk factors. This is a national cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on Palestinian schoolchildren from the West Bank. The study examined the food consumption patterns of the macro and micronutrient intakes and nutrition risk factors among 1945 students aged 11-16 years. The data collected using the food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall that was administered by trained field workers. Food groups’ classification, nutrient intakes, body mass index (BMI) Z-scores, and socioeconomic di"erences were examined across the food groups’ patterns of consumption. We employed Z-score and K-Means cluster analysis to identify food consumption patterns and to examine factors associated with nutrient intakes. The food frequency results identified three food consumption clusters including the traditional, non-traditional, and mixed pattern. A total of 796 students (41%) were in traditional cluster, 458 (23.5%) in non-traditional cluster, and 691(35.5%) in mixed cluster. The nutrient intakes identified three clusters (High, Moderate, and Low consumption patterns) out of macronutrient, vitamins, and minerals categories. Most of the students located in the low consumption cluster for macronutrient, vitamins, and minerals clusters (66.9%, 67.7%, and 64 %) respectively. The traditional cluster was associated with healthy, non-obese, and physically active students and the non-traditional cluster was associated with unhealthy and obese students, but both shown significantly di"erent across the identified clusters. Imbalance in dietary intakes among schoolchildren reflects a lack of dietary diversity. High sugar, fats and oils, and beverages consumption, low consumption of grains, fruits, beans and legumes, and meat are noticed in Palestinian schoolchildren. The findings indicated the importance of considering the food groups' intake variations among Palestinian schoolchildren. As the segments relate to children’s health, nutrition diet programs should consider the high scores of non-traditional and mixed food consumption among school’s children.

To examine the parental food consumption and diet quality and its associations with children's consumption in families at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus across Europe. Also, to compare food frequency consumption among parents and children from high-risk families to the European Dietary guidelines/recommendations. Cross-sectional study using Feel4diabetes FFQ. Families completed FFQ and anthropometric measures were obtained. Linear regression analyses were applied to investigate the relations between parental food consumption and diet quality and their children's food consumption after consideration of potential confounders. 2095 European families (74·6 % mothers, 50·9 % girls). The participants included parent and one child, aged 6-8 years. Parental food consumption was significantly associated with children's intake from the same food groups among boys and girls. Most parents and children showed under-consumption of healthy foods according to the European Dietary Guidelines. Parental diet quality was positively associated with children's intake of 'fruit' (boys: β = 0·233, P < 0·001; girls: β = 0·134, P < 0·05) and 'vegetables' (boys: β = 0·177, P < 0·01; girls: β = 0·234, P < 0·001) and inversely associated with their 'snacks' consumption (boys: β = -0·143, P < 0·05; girls: β = -0·186, P < 0·01). The present study suggests an association between parental food consumption and diet quality and children's food intake. More in-depth studies and lifestyle interventions that include both parents and children are therefore recommended for future research.

A family meal is defined as a meal consumed together by the members of a family or by having ≥ 1 parent present during a meal. The frequency of family meals has been associated with healthier food intake patterns in both children and parents. This study aimed to investigate in families at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes across Europe the association (i) between family meals’ frequency and food consumption and diet quality among parents and (ii) between family meals’ frequency and children’s food consumption. Moreover, the study aimed to elucidate the mediating effect of parental diet quality on the association between family meals’ frequency and children’s food consumption. Food consumption frequency and anthropometric were collected cross-sectionally from a representative sample of 1964 families from the European Feel4Diabetes-study. Regression and mediation analyses were applied by gender of children. Positive and significant associations were found between the frequency of family meals and parental food consumption (β = 0.84; 95% CI 0.57, 1.45) and diet quality (β = 0.30; 95% CI 0.19, 0.42). For children, more frequent family meals were significantly associated with healthier food consumption (boys, β = 0.172, p < 0.05; girls, β = 0.114, p < 0.01). A partial mediation effect of the parental diet quality was shown on the association between the frequency of family meals and the consumption of some selected food items (i.e., milk products and salty snacks) among boys and girls. The strongest mediation effect of parental diet quality was found on the association between the frequency of family breakfast and the consumption of salty snacks and milk and milk products (62.5% and 37.5%, respectively) among girls.Conclusions: The frequency of family meals is positively associated with improved food consumption patterns (i.e., higher intake of fruits and vegetables and reduced consumption of sweets) in both parents and children. However, the association in children is partially mediated by parents’ diet quality. The promotion of consuming meals together in the family could be a potentially effective strategy for interventions aiming to establish and maintain healthy food consumption patterns among children.Trial registration: The Feel4Diabetes-study is registered with the clinical trials registry (NCT02393872), http://clinicaltrials.gov, March 20, 2015.What is Known:• Parents’ eating habits and diet quality play an important role in shaping dietary patterns in children• Family meals frequency is associated with improved diet quality of children in healthy populationWhat is New:• Frequency of family meals was significantly associated with healthier food consumption among parents and children in families at high risk of type 2 diabetes in six European countries.• Parental diet quality mediates the association between family meals frequency and the consumption of some selected food items among children.

PurposeThis paper aims to provide insight into why organic food consumption in families decreases when children become adolescent. Further, it seeks to derive practical implications for food marketing.Design/methodology/approachThe results stem from two qualitative studies. In the first study the development of organic food consumption in families was investigated from a parents' perspective. In the second, juveniles' influence on organic food consumption in families was examined. In both studies data were collected by means of problem‐centred interviews. Data were analysed with Grounded Theory procedures according to Strauss and Corbin (1990) in the first study and with content analysis according to Mayring (2007) in the second.FindingsChildren's transition into adolescence often represents a causal condition for a reduction of organic food consumption in families due to juveniles' preferences for conventional food in product categories such as sweets, salty snacks or breakfast cereals. Concessions of parents to their children's preferences are based on strategies like being liberal, avoiding conflicts or letting children have their own experiences. Parents' strategies depend on their evaluation of conventional food.Practical implicationsMarketing for organic food should increasingly involve the demands of juveniles since they are considered to be an attractive target group.Originality/valueNo insights exist for the investigated phenomenon.

CHANGES OF HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION PATTERN BEFORE AND DURING THE ECONOMIC CRISIS. Background: It is generally agreed that the economic crisis has an impact on food insecurity and malnutrition. People's ability to secure an adequate diet during the crisis in Indonesia would have been declined, however, data are not adequately available. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the magnitude of the impact of the crisis on household food consumption in three rural areas: Cianjur (West Java), South Lampung (Lampung) and Tanah Datar (West Sumatera). Method: The study on food consumption had been conducted in 1993/1994 (before crisis), and a similar study was repeated in 1999 during the peak of the crisis in the same areas. A total of 346 households in the three areas were surveyed. The food consumption was recorded using a 24- hour method; knowledge and attitudes on foods were collected by interview. Information on socio-cultural and tradition surrounding foods use were also gathered. The consumption of foods as part of the five groups (staples, plant and animal protein resources, vegetables, fruits, and milk) were examined, and ranked their frequencies of consumption and their contribution to each food groups. This would allow us to make comparison on household consumption patterns in the three different areas at before and during the peak of the crisis. Results: Rice was eaten two or three times a day and there was no significant changes in the frequency of consumption of rice during the crisis. Noodes and flours were eaten less frequent, but com and cassava were increased during the crisis. Although during the crisis there was a decrease in the consumption of meat, but not the case for fresh fish, salted fish, eggs, tofu and tempeh. People's have had switched the consumption pattern more on less expensive foods. People's in Tanah Datar (West Sumatera) was apparently better in coping mechanism as the response to the crisis than the other two areas. In Tanah Datar, diet was likely more diversified, perhaps even better than the situation at before crisis. Conclusions: The results suggest that the effects of the economc crisis on household food consumption were varied, depend on the nature (land) and environment, level of education, pattern of employment and socio-cultural in each areas. Key Words: economic crisis, consumption pattern, diet, coping mechanism

Healthy eating advice aimed at families has been traditionally targeted at women in the belief that it is they who make the decisions about food consumption within the family unit. This article reports the findings of a study which explored the influence of other family members on food consumption in low income families with pre-school children. Ten couples were interviewed at home. The findings reveal that women’s decisions about food consumption within these families are influenced primarily by their partners, but also by their children. The findings suggest the existence of a ‘nutrition career’, whereby food choices and preferences are renegotiated as personal circumstances change, e.g. when cohabitation begins or on becoming a parent. During these key transition points patterns of food consumption may be voluntarily reshaped thus providing an opportunity for community practitioners to target healthy eating advice more appropriately.

This study aims to find out how the diversity of family consumption of migrant workers and non migrant workers, and how much influence the remittance to the consumption of family of migrant workers covering consumption of capital expenditure, food consumption, non-food consumption and total consumption. And how much influence the income on the consumption of non-migrant family which includes consumption of capital expenditure, food consumption, non-food consumption, and total consumption. To achieve these objectives used primary data obtained directly from the place of study. The method of analysis used in this research is Simple Linear Regression Analysis. The results of this study indicate that remittance variable has a positive influence on consumption of capital expenditure, food consumption, non-food consumption, and total consumption of families of migrant workers. And remittance variables also have a significant influence on consumption of capital expenditure, food consumption, non-food consumption, and total consumption of families of migrant workers.. The income variable has a positive effect on consumption of capital expenditure, food consumption, non-food consumption, and total consumption of Non-migrant family workers. And income variables also have a significant effect on consumption of capital expenditure, food consumption, non-food consumption, and total consumption of Non-migrant family workers.Keywords: Consumption, Remittance, Revenue, Capital Expenditure Consumption, Food Consumption, Non-Food Consumption, Total Consumption.

Asting, a condition characterized by low body weight in toddlers, has a prevalence of 28.94% in Martapura Timur District. This study aimed to explore the relationship between income, food availability, and consumption patterns as factors contributing to wasting among toddlers aged 12-59 months. Using a Cross-Sectional design, data were collected from 45 purposively sampled toddlers through questionnaires, food availability forms, and food frequency forms. Spearman Rank correlation (α=0.05) was employed for data analysis. Findings revealed that most mothers were under 20 or over 35 years old, with junior high school education and predominantly unemployed. Male toddlers were slightly more prevalent, with 82.2% classified as wasting and 17.8% in severe wasting. Low family income (below the minimum wage) was common (71.1%), and food availability ranged from insufficient to barely sufficient. Consumption patterns were largely suboptimal (64.4%), with staple food intake (&lt;150 g/day) limited to rice and corn, animal protein (50 g/day) from eggs only, plant protein (&lt;40 g/day) primarily from tofu, and minimum vegetable consumption (30 g/week of pumpkin, 1-3 times weekly). Statistical analysis indicated significant relationships between family income (p=0.048, r=0.296), food availability (p=0.048, r=0.296), and consumption patterns (ρ=0.002, r=0.455) with wasting. The strongest relationship was found in food availability. Efforts are being made to increase awareness through health centers, encouraging mothers to utilize home yards for food production, enhancing food availability, and improving children's diets. Addressing these factors can help reduce the prevalence of wasting and promote better nutrition in toddlers.

Asting, a condition characterized by low body weight in toddlers, has a prevalence of 28.94% in Martapura Timur District. This study aimed to explore the relationship between income, food availability, and consumption patterns as factors contributing to wasting among toddlers aged 12-59 months. Using a Cross-Sectional design, data were collected from 45 purposively sampled toddlers through questionnaires, food availability forms, and food frequency forms. Spearman Rank correlation (α=0.05) was employed for data analysis. Findings revealed that most mothers were under 20 or over 35 years old, with junior high school education and predominantly unemployed. Male toddlers were slightly more prevalent, with 82.2% classified as wasting and 17.8% in severe wasting. Low family income (below the minimum wage) was common (71.1%), and food availability ranged from insufficient to barely sufficient. Consumption patterns were largely suboptimal (64.4%), with staple food intake (&lt;150 g/day) limited to rice and corn, animal protein (50 g/day) from eggs only, plant protein (&lt;40 g/day) primarily from tofu, and minimum vegetable consumption (30 g/week of pumpkin, 1-3 times weekly). Statistical analysis indicated significant relationships between family income (p=0.048, r=0.296), food availability (p=0.048, r=0.296), and consumption patterns (ρ=0.002, r=0.455) with wasting. The strongest relationship was found in food availability. Efforts are being made to increase awareness through health centers, encouraging mothers to utilize home yards for food production, enhancing food availability, and improving children's diets. Addressing these factors can help reduce the prevalence of wasting and promote better nutrition in toddlers.

This study aims to determine the Expenditures and differences in the Pattern of Food and Non-Food Expenditures in Pre-Prosperous and Prosperous 1 Families in Fatuleu District, Kupang Regency. To find out food and non-food consumption expenditures, descriptive methods were used, while to find out differences in food and non-food expenditure patterns in Pre-Prosperous and Prosperous 1 Families, data analysis techniques were carried out using Chi Square Two Independent Samples. The results of the study show that (1) the average spending on food and non-food consumption in pre-prosperous families: food expenditure is Rp. 759,000 and non-food expenditure amounted to Rp. 587,000. While the average for food and non-food expenditure in the Prosperous Family 1: food expenditure amounts to Rp. 1,178,920 and non-food expenditure amounted to Rp. 898,480. Thus the Pre-Prosperous and Prosperous 1 families prioritize spending on food compared to non-food. (2) There is a difference in the pattern of food expenditure for Pre-Prosperous and Prosperous 1 families with a food value of 1,000 and a non-food value of 0.728. Thus there are significant differences in the pattern of food and non-food expenditure in Pre-Prosperous and Prosperous 1 families. The existence of significant differences in the pattern of food and non-food expenditure in Pre-Prosperous and Prosperous 1 families shows that people prioritize spending on food consumption compared to non-food consumption

In epidemiological studies of diet and chronic disease, a brief yet comprehensive diet history questionnaire must aggregate some foods into food groups. A nutrient density is assigned to each food group by averaging the densities of its constituent foods. A person's intake of a given nutrient is then estimated by multiplying the reported consumption of each food group by its average nutrient density and summing over food groups. These calculations could introduce bias in multiethnic studies, if the average nutrient densities assigned to food groups are inappropriate for some ethnic populations. This issue is examined here for intakes of total fat, saturated fat, and vitamin A for U.S. blacks and whites. We used 24-hour diet recall data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) to assess black-white differences in relative frequency of consumption of foods within food groups of a diet history questionnaire. We also calculated ethnic-specific average nutrient densities for each food group by weighting the densities of its foods in proportion to their frequency of consumption by black and white NHANES II participants. We found black-white differences in the frequency of consumption of foods within 14 food groups. However, blacks and whites had different average total fat densities for only 1 of the 14 food groups, no difference in saturated fat densities for any food group, and different vitamin A densities for 2 food groups. Among blacks and whites, there is no advantage to calculating ethnic-specific average nutrient densities for food groups comprised of foods with similar densities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

First of all, the commission must be congratulated for forcefully stating a very important fact still not fully recognized: that hunger and low levels of consumption in poor countries and poor families will not be solved by increasing the aggregate world or country's supply of food. Chronic hunger results from a lack of purchasing power by poor countries and poor families when they compete for that aggregate world or country supply. The problem is not a lack of supply but a lack of effective demand by low income population groups. This is corroborated by the fact that many countries have become exporters of grains while important segments of their population still suffer from malnutrition. The report singles out several actions to increase the long-run earnings opportunities of poor individuals so as to solve long-run poverty and thereby long-run hunger. This is welcomed. But in many countries, poverty elimination is an objective in its own right. For other countries a poverty elimination strategy, as a means to solving the hunger problem, may have political constraints or trade-offs with other objectives, such as long-run growth. However, in these latter countries, governments might be interested in solving hunger as a separate objective from general poverty elimination. Hence, they might be interested in more quick, direct, and cost-effective instruments to eliminate hunger. In my view, given that the objective of the commission was to address hunger and not poverty, a stronger emphasis on these direct instruments should have been given. This includes an emphasis on a better use of the existing foreign aid and domestic resources that countries are currently devoting to food supplementation programs, food subsidies, etc. I will come to this later. The commission repeatedly refers to the necessity of a more self-reliant food system in developing countries. It is not exactly clear to m what is meant. I hope it is not a call for a higher degree of self-sufficiency in food. That would be tragic. Fluctuations in food consumption in poor families results from fluctuations in their regional supply of food or fluctuations in their earnings. Internal and international trade in food helps to even out these fluctuations in consumption and not the re-

Processing the evidence to evaluate mechanisms, costs and future solutions.

To conduct an exhaustive scoping search of existing literature, incorporating diverse bibliographic sources to elucidate the relationships between metabolite biomarkers in human fluids and dietary intake. The search for biomarkers linked to specific dietary food intake holds immense significance for precision health and nutrition research. Using objective methods to track food consumption through metabolites offers a more accurate way to provide dietary advice and prescriptions on healthy dietary patterns by healthcare professionals. An extensive investigation was conducted on biomarkers associated with the consumption of several food groups and consumption patterns. Evidence is integrated from observational studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses to achieve precision nutrition and metabolism personalization. Tailored search strategies were applied across databases and gray literature, yielding 158 primary research articles that met strict inclusion criteria. The collected data underwent rigorous analysis using STATA and Python tools. Biomarker-food associations were categorized into 5 groups: cereals and grains, dairy products, protein-rich foods, plant-based foods, and a miscellaneous group. Specific cutoff points (≥3 or ≥4 bibliographic appearances) were established to identify reliable biomarkers indicative of dietary consumption. Key metabolites in plasma, serum, and urine revealed intake from different food groups. For cereals and grains, 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid glucuronide and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid were significant. Omega-3 fatty acids and specific amino acids showcased dairy and protein foods consumption. Nuts and seafood were linked to hypaphorine and trimethylamine N-oxide. The miscellaneous group featured compounds like theobromine, 7-methylxanthine, caffeine, quinic acid, paraxanthine, and theophylline associated with coffee intake. Data collected from this research demonstrate potential for incorporating precision nutrition into clinical settings and nutritional advice based on accurate estimation of food intake. By customizing dietary recommendations based on individualized metabolic profiles, this approach could significantly improve personalized food consumption health prescriptions and support integrating multiple nutritional data.This article is part of a Nutrition Reviews special collection on Precision Nutrition.