Food-borne Enterococci Integrate Into Oral Biofilm: An In Vivo Study

Abstract

Introduction Enterococci, particulary Enterococcus faecalis, are still a primary concern in endodontic infections. To date, enterococci have been considered to be only transiently present in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to examine whether different enterococci from food are able to reside in oral biofilm. Methods Six healthy volunteers wore dental splints loaded with enamel slabs. After 3 days, the volunteers consumed cheese containing enterococci. The fate of the enterococci was analyzed by culture technique and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All isolates were characterized genotypically by macrorestriction analysis ( SmaI) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. E. faecalis was also analyzed by using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Results E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. avium, and E. durans were detected in the initial biofilm after 2 hours, as well as in the 5-day-old oral biofilm. E. faecalis, E. faecium, and E. avium isolated from the initial biofilm and from the 5-day-old biofilm, as well as those isolated from cheese, showed genetic homogeneity. E. faecium and E. avium had integrated into a pre-existing 3-day-old biofilm. No genetic similarity between E. durans strains isolated from cheese and those from the initial and 5-day-old oral biofilm was detected. E. faecalis was also detected in the oral biofilm by using FISH. Conclusions Food-borne enterococci, particularly E. faecalis, might not only be transient but could also survive in the oral biofilm and become a source for endodontic infections. Moreover, genotypic analysis is required to study the source of oral enterococci.