Food-based approaches to combat the double burden among the poor: challenges in the Asian context.

BackgroundEvidence on double and triple burdens of malnutrition at household level among child-mother pairs is a key towards addressing the problem of malnutrition. In Ethiopia, studies on double and triple burdens of malnutrition are scarce. Even though there is a study on double burden of malnutrition at national level in Ethiopia, it doesn’t assess the triple burdens at all and a few forms of double burden of malnutrition. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of double and triple burdens of malnutrition among child-mother pairs in Ethiopia.MethodsA total sample of 7,624 child-mother pairs from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 were included in the study. All analysis were performed considering complex sampling design. Anthropometric measures and hemoglobin levels of children, as well as anthropometric measurements of their mothers, were used to calculate double burden of malnutrition (DBM) and triple burden of malnutrition (TBM). Spatial analysis was applied to detect geographic variation of prevalence of double and triple burdens of malnutrition among EDHS 2016 clusters. Bivariable and multivariable binary survey logistic regression models were used to assess the factors associated with DBM and TBM.ResultsThe overall weighted prevalence of DBM and TBM respectively were 1.8% (95%CI: 1.38–2.24) and 1.2% (95%CI: 0.83–1.57) among child-mother pairs in Ethiopia. Significant clusters of high prevalence of DBM and TBM were identified. In the adjusted multivariable binary survey logistic regression models, middle household economic status [AOR = 0.23, 95%CI: 0.06, 0.89] as compared to the poor, average birth weight [AOR = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.09, 0.80] as compared to large birth weight and children aged 24–35 months [AOR = 0.19, 95%CI: 0.04,0.95] as compared to 6–12 months were less likely to experience DBM. Average birth weight [AOR = 0.20, 95%CI: 0.05, 0.91] as compared to large birth weight and time to water source <=30 min [AOR = 0.41, 95%CI: 0.19,0.89] as compared to on premise were less likely to experience TBM.ConclusionThere is low prevalence of DBM and TBM among child-mother pairs in Ethiopia. Interventions tailored on geographic areas, wealth index, birth weight and child birth could help to control the emerging DBM and TBM at household level among child-mother pairs in Ethiopia.

BackgroundMalnutrition in mothers and children is a significant public health challenge in developing countries such as Nepal. Although undernutrition in children has been gradually decreasing, the coexistence of various forms of malnutrition in mothers and children has continued to rise globally. There is a gap in knowledge of the coexistence of such multiple burdens of malnutrition in the Nepalese context. The aims of this study were to explore the coexistence of various forms of malnutrition and associated factors among mother-child pairs residing in the same household.MethodsA total sample of 2261 mother-child pairs from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016 were included in the study. Anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin levels of children and anthropometric measurements of their mothers were collected. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the factors associated with the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) and the triple burden of malnutrition (TBM).ResultsPrevalence of DBM and TBM was 6.60% (95% CI: 5.13–8.84) and 7.00% (95% CI: 5.42–8.99) respectively in the same households. In the adjusted multivariable logistic regression models, mothers with short stature (AOR = 4.18, 95% CI: 2.04–8.52), from the richest wealth quintile (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.17–5.15), aged over 35 years (AOR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.20–7.86), and those who had achieved at least secondary level education (AOR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.03–4.07) were more likely to suffer from the DBM. Similarly, mothers with short stature (AOR = 5.01, 95% CI: 2.45–10.24), from the richest wealth quintile (AOR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.28–5.54), aged over 35 years (AOR = 3.41, 95% CI: 1.26–9.17), and those who had achieved at least secondary level education (AOR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.00–4.18) were more likely to suffer from the TBM.ConclusionsOverall, there is a low prevalence of double and triple burden of malnutrition among mother-child pairs in Nepal. Older mothers with short stature and those from richer wealth quintiles were more likely to suffer from double and triple burden of malnutrition.

Prevalence and Correlates of Double and Triple Burden of Malnutrition Among Children and Adolescents in India: The Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey

BackgroundThe Caribbean faces a growing nutrition crisis marked by the double burden of malnutrition — the simultaneous presence of childhood undernutrition and rising obesity. Despite policy progress, malnutrition persists across socioeconomic lines, threatening long-term public health and development outcomes.ObjectiveThis narrative review explores the epidemiological trends, biochemical consequences, social determinants, and policy responses to childhood malnutrition in the Caribbean. It highlights barriers and opportunities for public health action, with a focus on equity and sustainability.MethodsThis narrative review was informed by a structured bibliographic search conducted between January and June 2025. Sources were identified through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using combinations of terms such as 'childhood malnutrition', 'double burden’, ‘nutrition policy', 'obesity', 'stunting', 'food security', and 'micronutrient deficiencies', each linked to 'Caribbean'. Grey literature was obtained from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA), the Healthy Caribbean Coalition (HCC), and the Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute (CFNI).ResultsUndernutrition remains significant in low-income populations, with stunting and micronutrient deficiencies such as anaemia persisting across several countries. Simultaneously, childhood overweight and obesity are increasing rapidly, especially in urban settings. Biochemical evidence reveals an early onset of metabolic dysfunction and hidden hunger (micronutrient deficiencies), both of which contribute to a higher burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Structural drivers include poverty, food insecurity, and ultra-processed diets. Weak health systems exacerbate disparities. While national policies such as sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes, food fortification, and school-based nutrition programmes show promise, their implementation is often fragmented and under-resourced.ConclusionsAddressing the double burden of childhood malnutrition in the Caribbean will require multisectoral convergence, stronger data systems, targeted fiscal policies, and equity-driven interventions. Regional collaboration and investment in locally led research will be critical to designing sustainable solutions. The urgency of this crisis demands bold, coordinated action to protect the nutritional well-being of the Caribbean’s next generation.

Tanzania has a double burden of malnutrition, including a high prevalence of undernutrition and an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents. Schools present a valuable opportunity to reach a large section of the country's adolescent population with nutrition-oriented interventions. The objective of this study was to assess the current state of adolescent school nutrition interventions in Dodoma, Tanzania, with emphasis on 3 potential school-based nutrition interventions, school vegetable gardens, school meals, and education (on nutrition, agriculture, and water, sanitation, and hygiene). Focus group discussions were conducted with several regional and district-level governmental stakeholders, including health, education, and agricultural officers. Ten public secondary schools were visited, and interviews with school administrators, teachers, students, and parents were conducted. All stakeholders interviewed supported interventions to improve school-based nutrition, including school gardens, school feeding, and nutrition education. All 10 schools visited had some experience providing school meals, but parents' contributions were essential for the program's sustainability. Most schools visited had land available for a school garden program, but water availability could be challenging during certain times of the year. The teachers interviewed expressed that the curriculum on nutrition education was highly theoretical and did not allow students to practice the knowledge and skills they learned in the classroom. The current school-based approach to tackling the double burden of adolescent malnutrition in Dodoma is localized and ad hoc. To leverage the potential of schools as a platform for nutrition interventions, integrated and policy-mandated interventions are needed.

Child under nutrition due to household food insecurity remains critical issues in many households in Ethiopia. Literature in nutrition knowledge and practice of mothers and the nutritional status of their infants is scanty. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of six to 23-month-oldchildren, mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practice of child nutrition and household food security status in a semi-urban and a rural kebeles. A community based cross-sectional study was undertaken in semi-urban and rural kebeles in Tehuledere Woreda (district) to assess household food security and nutritional status of six to 23-month children. A total of 245 mother-child pairs were selected randomly from the two kebeles. Anthropometric indices were used to determine the nutritional status of under-two children. Child age, weight and height were measured and used to calculate weight-for-age, weight-for-height and height-for-age Z-scores. Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (ciaf) was calculated to determine total malnutrition. Household food insecurity access scale (hfias) was used to assess food security status. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practice in child nutrition, food diversity and child feeding. Data were statistically analyzed. Stunting was noted in 7.5% and 17% of under-two children in the urban and rural kebeles, respectively. Similar levels of thinness (6%) were observed in both kebeles. There were more under-weight children in the semi-urban (5.2%) than in the rural (3.6%) kebeles. Chronic energy deficiency was noted in 20% and 15% of the children in semi-urban and rural kebeles, respectively. ciaf was higher in children in the semi-urban kebele (48%) than in the rural kebele (31%). A small proportion of study households were food secure (17.9%). The rest were either mildly (54.4%) or moderately (27.8%) food insecure. Average knowledge of child nutrition among mothers in the semi-urban and rural kebeles was very low (about 34% and 37%, respectively).The low anthropometric measurements of the children in this study could be due to poor food diversity, insufficient food intake, and poor nutritional knowledge and practice of mothers. Creating awareness in child feeding practices and diet diversity is recommended.&#x0D;

Background: The double burden of malnutrition (DBM), the simultaneous existence of both underweight and overweight sequelae, is an emerging public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Women of child-bearing age (15-49 years) and preschool children (under 5 years) are among the most vulnerable groups to be affected by the DBM. However, the DBM phenomenon among these population subgroups is understudied. Objectives: We explored the following objectives: 1) To determine which nutrition indicators have been used to define the DBM among women of child-bearing age and preschool children; 2) To establish the plausible explanations for the identified DBM phenotypes women of child-bearing age and preschool children; and 3) To identify the risk factors for the DBM women of child-bearing age and preschool children. Methods: We systematically searched for literature from the following databases: EMBASE, CINAHL, MEDLINE, LILACS, Scopus and ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Thesis Global. Studies discussing the DBM phenomenon in LMICs were included. Thematic analysis was conducted on extracted information from the literature to reveal emerging themes from included studies. The findings were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Results: Preliminary findings indicate that frequently used indicators for defining DBM across all levels of operationalization were anthropometric indices and micronutrients measurements (e.g., overweight/obesity and anemia) for women and anthropometric indices (e.g., overweight/obesity and stunting) for preschool children. The following themes emerged as plausible explanations for the DBM phenotypes: Food insecurity; diet behavior; breastfeeding; illness and metabolic programming. Age, child sex, household wealth, women’s education, occupation and urbanization were frequently occurring DBM risk factors. Of note was the use of the term ‘double burden’ as a buzz word in substantial number of studies without a proper definition or discussion of the DBM concept. Conclusion: The DBM phenomenon is loosely understood due to the varying operational definitions of the DBM construct. Emerging themes and common risk factors may provide target areas for public health interventions. Studies with robust designs are needed to succinctly understand the DBM phenomenon.

To investigate the association of seasonality with dietary diversity, household food security and nutritional status of pregnant women in a rural district of northern Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2013 to February 2015. Data were collected on demographics, household food security (using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale), dietary diversity (using the women's dietary diversity questionnaire) and mid-upper arm circumference. Descriptive statistics were used to explore demographics, dietary diversity, household food security and nutritional status, and inferential statistics were applied to explore the role of seasonality on diversity, household food security and nutritional status. Twelve villages of Pirganj sub-district, Rangpur District, northern Bangladesh. Pregnant women (n 288). Seasonality was found to be associated with dietary diversity (P=0·026) and household food security (P=0·039). Dietary diversity was significantly lower in summer (P=0·029) and spring (P=0·038). Food security deteriorated significantly in spring (P=0·006) and late autumn (P=0·009). Seasons play a role in women's household food security status and dietary diversity, with food security deteriorating during the lean seasons and dietary diversity deteriorating during the second 'lesser' lean season and the season immediately after. Interventions that aim to improve the diet of pregnant women from low-income, subsistence-farming communities need to recognise the role of seasonality on diet and food security and to incorporate initiatives to prevent seasonal declines.

Globally a total of 842 million people was food insecure between 2011 and 2013. The prevalence of food insecurity in Africa is high whereby close to 25% of Africa’s population is food insecure More than 10 million Kenyans are chronically food insecure and 1.6 million have HIV. Food insecurity remains a crucial problem in poor households, and its implications worsen in disease states including Human Immuno-deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. The purpose of this study was to assess the household food security and the nutritional status of HIV sero-positive patients attending Comprehensive Care Clinic at Longisa County Hospital, Bomet County. The study used a cross-sectional study design on a sample size of 210 HIV sero-positive patients. A questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic and socio-economic factors, anthropometric measurements, and food security status. Statistical analysis was done using Pearson-moment correlation, Chi-square, Independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results showed that 61.6% were females, household food insecurity prevalence was 17.7% About 23.7% of the respondent’s households had severe household hunger. Mean Household Hunger Scale score (HHS) was 1.56±0.061 indicating that most of the respondent’s households experienced moderate household hunger. 7.6% of the respondents were severely undernourished, and 15.2% were moderately undernourished. There was a significant relationship between nutritional status measured by BMI and household food security status at p=0.001. Household food security status measured by HHS and nutritional status had a significant association at p=0.001. Household food security status is a core determinant of the nutritional status of HIV sero-positive clients. Such information provides an ample platform for optimizing ART, enhancing rehabilitation, and adherence to treatment.

IntroductionThe double burden of malnutrition (DBM) at the household level has increased in sub-Saharan African countries as a result of rapid changes in global food systems and growing urbanization. The presence of overweight or obese mothers with undernourished (stunted, wasted, or underweight) children within the same household holds particular significance. However, no comprehensive study or meta-analysis has been conducted to summarize the national evidence of the double burden of malnutrition in mother–child pairs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the pooled prevalence of the double burden of malnutrition at the household level in Ethiopia in 2024.MethodsThis systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on the prevalence of the double burden of malnutrition and associated factors among households in Ethiopia, using an advanced search of electronic databases and search engines. The standardized Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) method was used to extract data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and evaluate the quality of each article. The analysis was performed using STATA V.17. A random-effects model was used to conduct the meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 and Q tests.ResultsA total of seven publications met the inclusion criteria, including data from 56,877 and 43,770 mother–child pairs for the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. The pooled prevalence of the double burden of malnutrition among the mother–child pairs was 8.30% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.51, 15.09). The heterogeneity test revealed extremely high heterogeneity (I2 = 99.91%; p = 0.00). In the subgroup analysis based on sample size, the pooled estimated prevalence of the double burden of malnutrition was high for a sample size of fewer than 1,000 mother–child pairs (11.69% (95% CI: 3.11, 20.28)). The pooled estimate from the subgroup analysis of the data collected 8 years ago was 8.61% (95% CI: 1.11, 22.33). Residence, household size, housing quality, wealth index, household food security status, mother’s age and educational status, and child’s age are some of the factors that influence the double burden of malnutrition among mother–child pairs.ConclusionIn Ethiopia, the double burden of malnutrition among mother–child pairs is rapidly emerging. As a result, double-duty interventions should be implemented to address this issue, taking into account multiple factors at the household level.Systematic review registrationThe protocol for the systematic review and meta-analysis was registered under the registration ID CRD42024517778 with the PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis).

Many developing countries currently face a double burden of malnutrition (DBM) at the household level, defined by the World Health Organization, as when a mother may be overweight or anemic, and a child or grandparent is underweight, in the same household. For the present study, we defined it as the coexistence of overweight or obesity in the mother, and at least one child under the age of 5 undernourished, within the same household. Although underweight has long been considered a major issue in South and Southeast Asia, overweight and obesity have also been identified as a growing problem. The main aim of this study was to assess the DBM at the household level and its major determinants in South and Southeast Asia. We used population-representative cross-sectional data from the Demographic and Health Survey, conducted between 2007 and 2017, for eight South and Southeast Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Myanmar, Timor, Maldives, and Cambodia. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with DBM. A total of 798,961 households were included in this study. The pooled prevalence of overweight or obesity for the mother and stunted child was 10.0% (95% CI: 8.0.0-12.0), for OBM and wasted child, it was 7.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.0-8.0), and for overweight or obese mother (OBM) and underweight child, it was 7.0% (95% CI: 6.0-8.0). The prevalence of any of these DBM coexistences was 12.0% (95% CI: 10.0-13.0) in all households. Statistically significant positive associations (p < 0.05) were found for each of these coexistences, and a higher age of the mother, mothers with a lower education, the richest household quintile, and households with more than four members. It is imperative that "double duty" action policies are developed that tackle the DBM, rather than targeting undernutrition or overnutrition separately. The findings from this study suggest that the promotion of education for women may aid in tackling the double burden on a household level.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition that occurs during pregnancy can result in inadequate household food security so that it will affect the baby to be born. AIM: This study aims to determine household food security, nutrient intake, and nutritional status of pregnant women in the Central Tapanuli Regency. METHODS: This research is part of the DRPM research with the title of improving the nutrition of pregnant women and the success of breastfeeding immediately after birth through strengthening household food security in the Central Tapanuli Regency. The stages of this research are to identify the level of household food security and nutrient intake as well as the nutritional status of pregnant women. The study was conducted using observation and interviews as well as measuring LILA, examination of Hb levels, and iodine levels in the urine of 131 pregnant women purposively in eight districts of the Central Tapanuli. RESULTS: The household food security of status that is food insecure is 18.3%. The nutritional status of pregnant women with anemia was 58.7% and those with SEZ were 19.1% fiber with the low levels of iodine in the urine as much as 63.9%. Adequate intake of energy nutrients is 42% and sufficient protein is 38.9%. There was a significant relationship between food security status and energy intake (p = 0.000; OR = 53.9) and protein intake (p = 0.004; OR = 4.1). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant relationship between household food security status with energy and protein intake of pregnant women. Increased consumption of foods containing animal protein is recommended for pregnant women related to household food insecurity.

The double burden of malnutrition (DBM), defined by the coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition within households, poses significant public health challenges in South and Southeast Asia. While previous studies have examined the individual effects of maternal education and household wealth on DBM, findings remain inconsistent, and little is known about how these factors interact across different contexts. To address this gap, we used nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Bangladesh (2017-2018), Cambodia (2022), Nepal (2022) and Timor-Leste (2016) to analyse the interaction between maternal education and household wealth in shaping DBM risk. These countries were selected due to their ongoing nutritional transition, which has contributed to the increasing prevalence of DBM. For the analysis, we used DHS data, which employs a standardised multistage cluster sampling method and probabilistic methods to ensure representativeness. In this study, we selected mother-child pairs from the DHS survey, focusing on children aged 0-59 months and nonpregnant mothers at the time of the survey. We included those pairs for which both the mother and child had valid weight and height measurements. Maternal education and household wealth were identified as the primary exposures. To examine their interaction and the impact of other covariates on DBM, we employed multivariable logistic regression models. Our study found that DBM prevalence was higher in urban and wealthier households, with the highest rates observed in Timor-Leste and Cambodia. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that lower maternal education increased DBM risk, especially in affluent households (OR 2.07-3.29). Conversely, higher maternal education was associated with lower DBM prevalence. Additionally, breastfeeding and antenatal care visits emerged as protective factors. These findings indicate the necessity for specific interventions aimed at enhancing maternal education and promoting healthy dietary practices, particularly in rich households. Additionally, reinforcing breastfeeding practices and increasing antenatal care visits are essential strategies to mitigate the risks associated with DBM.

Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) experience a shifting nutrition landscape marked by rising overweight and obesity alongside persistent undernutrition. This new nutrition reality results in a double burden of malnutrition (DBM) (1). DBM is classified as the coexistence of overweight and obesity alongside undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, at all levels of the population. To address DBM, a set of recommended nutrition actions called double duty action (DDA) was publish by the World Health Organization (2) and Hawkes et al., (3). DDAs aims to lift the siloed view of malnutrition. For example, health services such as breastfeeding counselling is a DDA as breastfeeding prevents undernutrition and reduces the risk of overweight and obesity later in life. However, LMICs health programmes often prioritize undernutrition, hindering comprehensive DBM management (1). This scoping review aim to map existing LMICs’ health systems policy on the narrative of DBM and the implementation of DDAs to identify gaps and opportunities to tackle the DBM.Arksey and O’Malley’s framework (4), with recommendations from Levac, Colquhoun, and O’Brien (5) was used. Countries were selected based on the 2022 World Bank criteria for LMICs (n = 102).Policy documents were extracted from WHO’s Global database on Nutrition Action Implementation (6) between June 16th and September 2nd, 2023. Exclusion criteria included policies predating 2011, lacking English translations, and countries facing significant domestic challenges.To identify relevant text key search terms were based WHO DBM narrative (7) and DDAs characteristics were based on Hawkes et al., framework (3). When identified a full-text review of the relevant sections captured the narrative and extracted into an excel-sheet using a rubric format divided by country, policy title, and themes based on DBM narrative and DDAs characteristics.This study included 51 countries (21 Southeast Asia, 19 Sub-Saharan Africa, 7 South Asia, and 4 Latin America and the Caribbean). Ninety-eight policy documents were identified and analysed. The majority focused on non-communicable disease prevention, national nutrition strategies, and health sector plans. Thirteen countries explicitly acknowledged DBM. Miscommunication or mistranslation were found as barriers to DBM narrative in six countries. Majority of the countries (54.9%) had a mismatch on the use of malnutrition definitions mainly focusing on undernutrition issues. If obesity was mentioned, the narrative was separated. Tanzania had incorporated the DDA framework into its policies. Regarding relevant DDA health system characteristics, 42 countries acknowledged breastfeeding, 29 nutrition in antenatal care, 28 complementary feeding, 21 growth monitoring, and 15 supplementation programmes.Differential global efforts are needed to enhance advocacy, clarify definitions, and improve understanding of DBM and DDA narrative for health workers. Clearer terminology, DDA acknowledgment and consistent communication are crucial. Further research on health workers’ knowledge, attitudes and practice is essential to build capacity for effective DDA implementation.

Background: The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is a complex problem involving the coexistence of under- and overnutrition within the same individual, household, or population. Our study focused on double burden malnutrition at the household level, which happens when a mother is overweight or anemic, and a child is underweight in the same household. We characterized it as a household with an overweight or obese mother (OBM) and at least one child younger than the age of five who is malnourished. This double burden is assumed to have arisen as a result of low- and middle-income nations’ nutritional transition, as well as due to rapid changes in food production, eating patterns, and physical activity. Despite the fact that being underweight has long been regarded a major issue, overweight and obesity have been identified as a growing problem. Objective: The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the DBM at the household level in Babylon governorate, as well as the significant factors that influence it. Materials and Methods: The study was carried in Iraq in 205 families in Babylon province at level of houses. The houses were chosen randomly. Selection geographical area and systemic random of sampling we choose the fifth house in each area, if there were no children or children with chronic diseases, we would pass it to the next fifth house. The study was conducted in urban and rural areas. In Al-Hilla Center choose (al mohandessein, al akrammeen, and al gamiaa) and in area rural of hilla included (Hamza Al-Dali Village, Karragol, and village fzaa) in north of Babylon choose Al-Musayyib District (almuealimin and AL-Sajjad District) rural to Al-Musayyib we choose (Al-Jilawiyeh Village and Hor Hussein) and Babylon hospital for women and children. Results: In this study, all families were included. Overweight or obesity was seen in 5.37% of mothers and stunted children, and in 3.41% of OBM and underweight children. In all families, there was an 8.78% prevalence of any concomitant DBM. Higher maternal age, households with more than two members, and a lower food diversity score were all found to have statistically significant positive relationships. Conclusions: Despite the small sample size, the prevalence of DBM is considered significant and alarming and may be higher in larger survey studies. In Babylon, higher maternal age and the presence of more than one kid younger than the age of 5 years were linked to greater odds of household DBM, and both played important roles in pushing the DBM trend upward.