Abstract

The differently substituted coumarins by synthetic modelling produce a variety of desired molecules with typical photophysical characteristics and nonlinearities. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and structural requirement to obtain the nonlinear optical responses in coumarins are discussed in details. Coumarin molecules with donor at 7-position and acceptor at 3-position show strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character along this conjugated path, and such molecular arrangements with D-π-A system result into significant NLO response. This review covers the different types of fluorescent coumarins reported in the literature and comparative study of their NLO properties obtained by different experimental and theoretical methods. Various experimental methods such as EFISH (electric field-induced second harmonic), HRS (hyper-Rayleigh scattering), solvatochromism, solvent-sensitive emission and theoretical approach by DFT (density functional theory) computation are discussed to illustrate the nonlinear optical properties of coumarin chromophores. Bulk nonlinear optical properties of coumarins are investigated by EFISH and Z-scan techniques. Experimental and solvatochromic nonlinear optical properties of coumarins are compared with the theoretical values obtained from DFT calculations. OBO and OBN complex of coumarin chromophores with BF2 unit, azocoumarins, coumarin chalcones, biscoumarins and rigid coumarins studied for their promising NLO properties are covered in this review.

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