Abstract
To control NOM fouling, either NOM or hardness ions can be (partly) removed before membrane filtration. In this work, anion Fluidized Ion Exchange (FIX) is used to remove NOM from untreated surface water and cation FIX is used to remove calcium and magnesium ions from untreated surface water. The effect of calcium and magnesium removal by cation FIX is studied in lab-scale ultrafiltration (UF). FIX was successful in treating untreated surface water containing high loads of suspended solids (33 mg/L). No problems have been observed with clogging of the resin bed during operation. NOM was successfully removed (60%) using anion FIX during 1 month without regeneration. Calcium and magnesium were also successfully removed using cation FIX during the first day of operation. A significant difference in UF fouling was found after treatment of untreated surface water with cation FIX. Reversible fouling increased after cation FIX treatment, it was hypothesized that this was due to more open NOM fouling layers on the UF membrane. Irreversible fouling decreased after cation FIX treatment, it was hypothesized that this was due to less calcium-NOM complex formation.
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