Abstract

Heart failure is a syndrome whereby cardiac function is incapable of providing for the body’s circulatory demands, resulting in hemodynamic and volumetric aberrations. Acute heart failure (AHF) is the condition where signs and symptoms of heart failure are present that require urgent intervention. In AHF impaired cardiac function progresses to hemodynamic congestion and eventually develops into a fluid overloaded state. These patients will typically present acutely for medical assistance, with signs and symptoms of fluid overload (dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, edema, etc.) and/or hypoperfusion (malaise, altered mental status, decreased urine output). In patients with AHF, volume assessment is a crucial step in the initial diagnosis.

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