FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY OF LEAF BLADES OF WOODY PLANTS IN INDUSTRIAL LANDFILLS OF DONBASS

The article is devoted to the study of woody plants communities, that spontaneously form in the abandoned areas of Kryvyi Rih Area as a result of spontaneous-invasive settling of species in previously established plantations. For the study, we laid 16 trial plots in 5 growth sites of such communities. We determined the species composition and biometric characteristics of primary woody plants and those, that formed these communities due to the invasion. In the first such community, which was formed due to the settling of other species in a 40-year-old plantation of Salix alba L., we found on 3 plots with an area of 625 m2 94 medium-sized trees Acer negundo L. having height (h) 11.8–13.6 m, trunk diameter (D) 16.8–17.3 cm and crown projection area (S) 9.5–10.4 m2, as well as 210 young generative trees, their height varies between 6.5–7.3 m, trunk diameter 5.0–5.4 cm, and the projection of the crown 2.5–6.3 m2. In this community also grow young and medium-generative trees of Robinia pseudoacacia L. – respectively 7 individuals – h = 7.2–11.7 m, D = 8.1–10.7 cm, S = 6.1–6.5 m2 and 7 ones – h = 13.5–14.0 m, D = 18.1–27.0 cm, S = 14.0–38.5 m2. Among self-seeding plants, such species predominate: Acer platanoides L. – 3905 specimens and Acer negundo – 1823 specimens. Three species dominate in the three dense forestation massive near the highway, which occupy an area of 250 m2: Robinia pseudoacacia, Ulmus pumila L., Fraxinus excelsior L. and Cerasus avium (L.) Moench. Robinia pseudoacacia is the most common among medium-generative plants, and Acer negundo, A. platanoides, A. tataricum L. – among young generative plants. Self-seeding of Robinia pseudoacacia, Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior and Acer negundo is dominated in this area. In the abandoned Ulmus pumila plantation near the iron ore mine in three areas with an area of 625 m2, 12 to 33 specimens of medium-generative trees of this species with a height of 12.2–13.1 m with a trunk diameter of 14.7–16.0 cm and a crown projection of 25, 5–27.3 m2. Its self-seeding is quite active in all areas. Self-seeding plants of Acer negundo are also present here – 51 specimens and Acer platanoides – 35 ones. Self-seeding plants of A. platanoides – 9837 specimens, A. pseudoplatanus – 2111 specimens, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle – 396 specimens dominate in the neglected park on the territory of 500 m2, where Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides, Robinia pseudoacacia grow. A study was also carried out on the example of the Zelena gully in order to determine how invasive species spontaneously penetrate into the formed steppe feathergrass-fescue phytocenoses. In the upper part of the Zelena gully, located outside of Kryvyi Rih, more than 40 years ago, forest belts were created from many species of shrubs, which have already been listed. Crataegus fallacina Klokov and Rhamnus cathartica L. diffusely inhabit and clearly predominate in the 6 trial plots that were laid on the slopes of the south-eastern and north-western exposures. In the presence of a large number of seed donors from the previously mentioned species on the slopes of the gully firstly Crataegus fallacina settles. Morphometric parameters of shrubs of these species were slightly larger on the north-western slope than on the south-eastern: the height of Crataegus fallacina – 2.5–2.9 m, and the diameter of the crown – 3.5–4.3 m, while in Rhamnus cathartica – the height of the bush was 0.7–0.8 m, and the diameter of the crown – 0.5–1.1 m. Thus, invasive species of Ulmus pumila, Acer negundo, Robinia pseudoacacia and Ailanthus altissima, which are the main in spontaneous communities in abandoned anthropogenically disturbed areas of the city, do not penetrate into stable phytocenoses. Most of these species of woody plants show low invasive activity and do not form multispecies communities in weakly disturbed feather-fescue phytocenoses.

The article presents the results of studying the accumulation of water-soluble phenolic compounds in the leaves of woody plants growing in the area of sanitary protection zones of a number of enterprises of Zaporizhzhya: Zaporizhzhya Titanium & Magnesium Combine, Zaporizhzhya Aluminium Plant, Zaporizhzhya Abrasive Plant, Zaporizhstal, Zaporizhcoke, Zaporizhzhya Ferroalloy Plant, Zaporizhvohnetryv, Ukrgrafit and Zaporizhtransformator. The concentration of phenolic compounds was found to be significantly higher under the technogenic conditions compared to the relatively "clean" area. Their highest concentration was found in the leaves of woody plants growing in the forest belt near the Zaporizhcoke plant. For the level of accumulation in the organs of assimilation of trees, and thereby for the degree of air pollution by the phenolic compounds, enterprises can be ranked as follows: Zaporizhcoke > Zaporizhstal ≥ Zaporizhzhya Ferroalloy Plant > Zaporizhvohnetryv > Ukrgrafit > Zaporizhzhya Aluminium Plant > Zaporizhzhya Titanium & Magnesium Combine > Zaporizhzhya Abrasive Plant > Zaporizhtransformator. Depending on the level of accumulation of phenolic compounds in the leaves, the plants have been divided into three groups. The largest amount of the pollutant, compared to the other species of woody plants, is being accumulated by the leaves of the following species: Ailanthus altissima, Betula pendula, Juglans regia, Populus alba, Populus nigra, Populus piramidalis, Populus simonii, Elaeagnus angustifolia, and the least amount – by Morus alba, Robinia pseudoacacia, Tilia cordata, Ulmus carpinifolia, Armeniaca vulgaris, Fraxinus lanceolata. The following species occupy the intermediate position between the two groups: Acer negundo, Acer platanoides, Aesculus hippocastanum, Catalpa bignonioides, Salix alba, Ulmus laevis. The tree species that can be characterized by their capacity to accumulate the highest concentration of water-soluble phenolic compounds may be recommended for the purpose of purification of atmospheric air. The following plant species, which turned to be the most sensitive indicators of air pollution, have been listed in a descending order according to the value of the coefficient of relative accumulation of phenolic compounds. Such species include Betula pendula, Catalpa bignonioides, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Ailanthus altissima, Populus simonii, Acer negundo, Ulmus laevis and Fraxinus lanceolata.

Analysis of structure and condition of the dendroflora of Kryukovshchina park in Kiev-Svyatoshyn district, Kyiv region

Aim. The effectiveness of using the method of intron length polymorphism of β-tubulin genes is analyzed to evaluate the genetic diversity and polymorphism of tree plants by approbating it for a broad sample of tree plants of different taxonomic positions. Method. The method of estimation intron length polymorphism of β- tubulin (tubulin base polymorphism — TBP-method) has been tested. Results. The molecular genetic profiles and the unique patterns for the Quercus robur L., Populus tremula L., Fagus sylvatica L., Fagus sylvatica f. salicifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Morus alba L., Ulmus glabra Huds., Betula pendula Roth., Acer platanoides L., Acer negundo L., Acer saccharinum Marshall, Catalpa bignonioides Walter, Tilia cordata Mill., Tilia platyphyllos Scop., Aesculus hippocastanum L., Populus nigra L., Juglans regia L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., Ginkgo biloba L. have been created. Some common fragments inherent in individual genera within the family have been found. Conclusions. TBP-method is rather convenient and reliable. It can be used both for molecular genetic marking and for the study of intra- and interspecific polymorphism of economically valuable, horticultural and forest trees.Keywords: TBP-method, β-tubulin introns, tree plants, genetic diversity.

It was investigated the dendroflora’s species composition of green plantations of Karlivka town (Poltava region), including intraurban group consisting of planting sites located within the area of residential and industrial neighborhoods – three parks, square, street and roadside green spaces and planting in the industrial enterprises, schools and kindergartens. It was revealed the eco-valeological role of dendroflora in optimizing the environment of the studied town. As part of the green space of Karlivka town it was isolated the groups of rocks for their functional purpose: dust-adsorbing (Populus tremula L., Quercus robur L., Tilia cordata Mill., Picea abies L., Betula pendula Roth., Acer platanoides L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Sorbus aucuparia L.); nois- insulating (Populus italica L., Salix fragilis L., Aesculus hippocastanum L., Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer negundo L., A. platanoidеs, Syringa vulgaris L.); microclimatic (Quercus robur, Populus italica, Tilia cordata, Salix fragilis, Picea abies, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Acer platanoides, A. negundo, Betula pendula, Aesculus hippocastanum, Fraxinus excelsior). It was founded, that in green spaces of parks and streets of Karlivka town predominant species are the group that least let the solar radiation (0,8-0,9%), because they have a thick crown – Aesculus hippocastanum, Acer platanoides, Quercus robur, Populus italica, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia cordata and others; species, which have a disperse crown and able to pass most of the sunlight (7,0-9,0%), are Robinia pseudoacacia, Betula pendula, etc. The study established that when choosing and planting trees and bush, do not always take account of their species and varietal assortment, ecological and decorative properties. Based on the results it was identified the areas that are need for reconstruction of landscape gardening.

Під найбільший антропогенний прес у містах потрапляють деревні насадження вздовж вулиць та автомагістралей. Згідно зі статистичними даними, найбільшим забруднювачем повітря Херсона є автомобільний транспорт. Тому дослідження дендрофлори лінійних насаджень автодоріг з високим антропогенним навантаженням, аналіз їх видового складу, санітарного стану, придатність у використанні об'єктів спеціального призначення належать до актуальних проблем сучасного міста. За результатами наших досліджень, у вуличних насадженнях Херсона виявлено 59 видів деревних рослин, 3 культивари та 3 форми. У таксономічній структурі представленої дендрофлори за кількістю видів переважає відділ Magnoliophyta (55 види, 93,2 %). Відділ Pinophyta представлений лише чотирма видами (6,8 %). Провідними родинами дендрофлори проспектів є Rosaceae Juss. (7 видів), що становить 11,9 % від загальної кількості видів та Salicaceae Lindl. (6 видів, 10,2 %), Oleaceae Lindl. (5 видів, 8,5 %), Aceraceae Juss. (4 види, 6,8 %), Fabaceae Lindl. (4 види, 6,8 %) та Cupressaceae Bartl. (3 види, 5,1 %). Зазначені родини охоплюють 49,3 % видового складу дослідженої дендрофлори. Інші родини представлені одним або двома видами кожна. Встановлено, що кількісно переважають у досліджених насадженнях Platanus orientalis L., Acer platanoides L., A. pseudoplatanus L., Morus nigra L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Populus alba L., Populus italica (Du Roi) Moench, Fraxinus excelsior L., Catalpa speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Warder ex Engelm. Аналіз загального стану деревних рослин вуличних насаджень показав, що більшість видів мають високий бал, що дає їм змогу ефективно виконувати фітомеліоративну та декоративну функції. Найбільшою життєздатністю у цих умовах відрізняється більшість досліджених екземплярів Platanus orientalis та Morus nigra. Кущі мало поширені в досліджених алейних насадженнях та характеризуються збідненим видовим складом. Збільшення частки чагарникових насаджень завдяки створенню бордюрів та живоплотів дасть змогу посилити санітарно-гігієнічну функцію досліджених насаджень, а також надасть насадженням ошатності та доглянутості.

Urban forests are an important element of nature in highly urbanised areas. Due to their specificity (e.g. fragmentation, disturbances, alien propagule pressure), they are particularly susceptible to the penetration of alien species. The aim of this study was to determine the share of alien species in the tree stand structure of urban forests in the city of Katowice (Upper Silesian Industrial Region). A total of 50 woody species were recorded in the analysed stands, including 31 native species and 19 of alien origin. The share of alien species in the stands of individual forests was significant, as they constituted from 15% to 44% of the total number. Among the 20 trees most frequently included in the stand, as many as six are species of alien origin (Robinia pseudoacacia L., Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh., Acer negundo L., Quercus rubra L., Juglans regia L. and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall). The most abundant species were Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus rubra and Padus serotina. The local potential of alien woody species was determined using the index of their abundance in the understory; the highest value of the average abundance index was obtained by Padus serotina, Robinia pseudoacacia, Acer negundo and Quercus rubra. Most alien tree species were more likely to inhabit forest edges (ecotone zone).

На основі аналізу результатів інвентаризації деревних насаджень на території Контрактової площі в Києві встановлено, що на площі зростають 1618 дерев та кущів, із них 496 дерева. Дендрофлора складається із 65 видів та 24 культиварів деревних рослин, які об'єднані в 41 рід та 23 родини. Із 65 видів та 25 культиварів деревних рослин тільки 16 видів є аборигенними, решта – інтродуценти. За життєвою формою переважають дерева – 86 % від загальної кількості видів. Найпоширеніші 11 видів дерев, які становлять майже 77 % від загальної кількості рослин. Більшість дерев віднесено до І і ІІ категорій санітарного стану. До ІІІ категорії віднесено ряд дерев, заселених Viscum album L., видів Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh, Acer sacharinum March., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Populus balsamifera L. Деревна рослинність зосереджена у трьох скверах та в придорожніх насадженнях по периметру площі. Найбільшим видовим різноманіттям (34 види) характеризується сквер № 1, що розташований у південній частині площі, а найменшим (10 видів) – сквер № 3, розташований у північній частині площі. У сквері № 2 виявлено 13 видів деревних рослин. Проведено інтегральне визначення цінності насаджень: насадження у скверах визнано цінними, а в придорожніх насадженнях – малоцінними. Запропоновано алгоритм реконструкції насаджень.

A comparative analysis of the green plantation state in Volodya Dubinin Park and Pisarzhevsky Park is carried out. The species composition, age structure and health status of trees have been studied. The taxonomic diversity of of the Dibinin Park is rather poor and has 27 species and 2 cultivars. The Conifers are not presented. Dominating species are Acer platanoides L, Populus deltoides Marsh.and also invasive species Morus alba L., Acer negundo L., Robinia pseudoacacia L. Dendroflora of Pisarzhevsky Park is more multifarious and totals 40 species and 1 cultivar. There are many conifers. Dominating species are Pinus nigra Arnold. The number of invasive species is small. Almost half of all trees in Volodya Dubinin Park are young plants. However, such high indicator is provided by numerous self-sown plants of Morus alba, Acer negundo, Acer platanoides and Sambucus nigra L. The middle-aged, senescent and old specimens prevail in Pisarzhevsky Park. Health condition of the tree majority in both parks is right enough. It is revealed that 18% of trees in Volodya Dubinin Park and 21% in Pisarzhevsky Park are defective. Trees damaged by horse-chestnut leaf miner, Dutch elm disease and polypore are found. The order of actions for the recovery of urban parklands is determined. For improvement and recovery of both parks it is necessary to fulfill territory clearing, remove defective and dead trees, conduct sanitary and rejuvenating pruning. To replace low-value and invasive tree species it is recommended a range of new resistant ornamental types including exotic and indigenous. Keywords: urban parkland , dendroflora, monitoring, species structure, age, health, renovation

The paper considers the issues of ontogenetic changes in the mechanical stability of 18 species of woody plants growing in the ecosystems of the industrial city of Donetsk: Acer campestre L., Acer negundo L., Acer platanoides L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Acer saccharinum L., Aesculus hippocastanum L., Betula pendula Roth, Fraxinus excelsior L., Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh., Gleditsia triacanthos L., Populus simonii Carriere, Populus nigra L., Populus balsamifera L., Populus bolleana Lauche, Quercus robur L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Tilia cordata Mill., Ulmus laevis Pall. It has been established that at the initial stages of the ontogenesis of woody plants, their biomechanics ensures survival through high flexibility. This is due to the low critical mass and load, which are easily achieved when static and dynamic factors act on the plant. Only a significant increase in linear dimensions makes it possible to maintain its own mass weighing several tons and above, as well as withstand the effects of adverse climatic factors. The studied ontogenetic dependences of the mechanical stability of the main species of woody plants in the ecosystems of the city of Donetsk should be used in landscaping the city.

This article investigates the quality of the machining surface of the five most common invasive tree species in Slovenia, i.e., black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), boxelder maple (Acer negundo L.), horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) and tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima). The machining tests were made according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D1666-17 standard, where the quality of the surfaces after planing, routing and turning were evaluated with visual assessment, and the area and profile roughness parameters were also determined on selected specimens. The results showed that boxelder maple, horse chestnut and honey locust can be machined very well in all the studied operations, with the best results in routing and a little less good by turning, whereas the tree of heaven had the best quality in planing, and the worst by turning. Among all studied tree species, the black locust had the worst quality in planing, but the quality at routing was very similar to other tested species. The research also showed that there is little or no significant relationship between the qualities of the various types of machining for tested tree species.

The article discusses the results of a long-term bioindication study carried out in the period from 2017 to 2023 years to study the content of the amino acid proline in a biomass sample of background species of green spaces (introduced and native species), as the main biochemical marker of the state of the environment under conditions of a strong combination of stress factors. The bioindicators in the experiment were elements of green spaces in the administrative districts of the city of Bryansk: Sovetsky, Bezhitsky, Fokinsky, Volodarsky, as well as in the control - the village of Dobrun, Bryansk district: 14 species of angiosperms and gymnosperms were taken into account. The purpose of the work is to evaluate in the long term the change in the content of the amino acid proline as a biochemical marker of the state of the environment of a large city in the Non-Black Earth Region of the Russian Federation when diagnosing the biomass of background plants. The stability coefficient of dendroflora growing in 4 districts of Bryansk is presented, indicating the minimum and maximum values of amino acid cumulation by region and the air pollution index. The lowest value of the cumulation coefficient was calculated for the species: Pinus sylvestris L. (3,5-3,97), Picea abies L. (3,68-4,14), Picea pungens L. (3,77-4,28 ); highest value: Aesculus hippocastanum L. (6,17-6,59), Acer negundo L. (6,29-6,74), Syringa vulgaris L. (6,38-6,8). A series of sensitivity of woody plants to air pollution has been compiled according to the degree of reduction in proline content: Pinus sylvestris < Picea abies L. < Picea pungens L. < Thuja occidentalis L. < Quercus robur < Betula pendula < Salix triandra < Tilia cordata < Sorbus aucuparia < Robinia pseudoacacia < Acer platanoides < Acer negundo< Aesculus hippocastanum < Syringa vulgaris. It has been established that the concentration of proline is related by a regression relationship to the calculated air pollution index: with the growth of aerotechnogenic pollution, the content of the amino acid increases.

As a result of the activity of industrial enterprises, atmospheric air is being contaminated by gaseous pollutants. Such substances as chlorine and hydrogen chloride are considered to be harmful for both humans and plants. Vegetation is a universal filter that is able to combat the environmental pollution by industrial emissions with the help of appropriate technical facilities. The aim of this study is to analyze the level of accumulation of chlorine in the leaves of woody plants that grow in the area of forest plantations of sanitary protection zones of industrial enterprises. The objects of the study were the species of woody plants in the area of protective plantations of a number of enterprises in Zaporizhzhya: ZTMC, ZALК, ZABR, Zaporizhstal, Zaporizhzhya Ferroalloy Plant, Zaporizhvohnetryv, Ukrgrafit and Zaporizhtransformator. We established that during the vegetation period, a gradual accumulation of the element was the most intense in mature leaves, whose growth had already ceased. The maximum amount of chlorine was found at the end of the vegetation period. The concentration of the pollutant in leaves of woody plants in the area of sanitary protection zones of industrial enterprises is linearly proportional to the level of emissions of the pollutant into the atmosphere by a given enterprise. The largest coefficient of relative accumulation of chlorine in the leaves of such plants as Catalpa bignonioides, Acer negundo, Robinia pseudoacacia, Juglans regia, Populus alba, which can be used as information sites for the purpose of bioindication of atmospheric air pollution with chlorides, was established.

Байрачні ліси Запорізької обл. відносять до байраків порожистої частини Дніпра. Вони мають важливе кліматичне та ґрунтозахисне значення, у них трапляються представники лісових, степових, лугових фітоценозів, часто – рідкісні й ендемічні види, а також місцева фауна. Такі заліснені балки характеризуються високою атракторною здатністю для рекреантів, діяльність яких призводить до трансформації рослинності байрачно-лісових фітоценозів. З огляду на це актуальною є інформація про стан їх дендрофлори для створення банку даних та оперативного моніторингу. Наведено дані про видовий склад дендрофлори балки Широка, розташованої на о. Хортиця (зона рекреаційної діяльності туристів та мешканців м. Запоріжжя), де зареєстровано 54 види деревних рослин, що належать до 43 родів і 26 родин. Встановлено, що найбільшим видовим насиченням характеризується родина Rosaceae Adans. У складі дендрофлори байрачного лісу аборигенні види становлять 48,1 %, інтродуковані – 51,9 %. Найбільша частка участі серед інтродукованих видів належить породам північноамериканського походження (11 видів, або 39,3 % від усієї кількості інтродуцентів). Інтродуценти представлені здебільшого Amorpha fruticosa, Robinia pseudoacacia, Morus alba та Celtis occidentalis. Основними лісотвірними аборигенними породами насадження є Acer platanoides, Quercus robur, Ulmus scabra, A. tataricum. З'ясовано породний склад верхніх ярусів деревостану та підліску, що зростають на території різних морфологічних частин балки. Байрачний ліс має значний ресурсний потенціал, включаючи медоносні та вітамінні рослини. У складі насадження виявлено види з високою інвазійною здатністю (Acer negundo, Amorpha fruticosa, Robinia pseudoacacia) та той, що визнано інвазійним у списках близьких до України територій (Parthenocіssus quinquifolia).

Knowledge about the content of phenolic compounds in tree leaves growing on devastated lands may be important for foresting of the post-mining landscapes and for improving environmental quality in industrial areas. The object of this study was on standpoint of an ecosystem approach to determine the phenolic compounds concentrations in the leaves of the trees that grow naturally on the devastated lands at iron waste rock dump. Petrovsky waste rock dump areas at Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Mining & Metallurgical District (central part of Ukraine) were chosen for the present research. During 2017–2021, the 5 research plots in the dump’s area and 1 research plot in the background area (natural ecosystems of the Hurivskyi forest, Kirovohradska oblast) were established. The content of phenolic compounds was investigated in the leaves of three woody plants species: silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), ashleaf maple (Acer negundo L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). The extracts of leaves were prepared by extraction of 80% isopropanol. The phenols concentration was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The absorbance was measured by spectrophotometer at wavelength of 725 nm. The calibration curve was constructed using standard solutions of gallic acid. The phenols concentration was expressed as gallic acid equivalents in milligrams per gram dry weight of plant material (mg GAE * g-1 dw). The results showed that in background area the values for phenolic compounds content vary within minimal limits: from 26,90 to 27,49 mg GAE * g-1 dw in leaves of silver birch, from 17,53 to 18,11 mg GAE * g-1 dw in leaves of ashleaf maple and from 10,98 to 11,65 mg GAE * g-1 dw in leaves of black locust. In all the samples, the concentrations of phenolic in the leaves of silver birch and black locust were generally within natural limits. The concentrations of phenolic in the leaves of ashleaf maple were below the natural levels. According to the leaves analyses, the phenolic compounds content in all woody plants species from all research plots on the devastated lands were statistical significant differences than the reference samples (P < 0,05). The levels of phenolic in samples of ashleaf maple and black locust were found to be greater (P < 0,05) than the background values about 15–65% and 115–165%, respectively. The concentration of phenolic in leaves of silver birch was lower (about 10–28%, P < 0,05) than those values recorded as control. The woody plants species according to resistance to the devastated lands of the Petrovsky waste rock dump were in the following decreasing order: silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) > ashleaf maple (Acer negundo L.) > black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.).