Floating photovoltaic solar energy decreases water temperature and near-surface dissolved oxygen

This study set out to devise an optimized system to take into account life cycle cost(LCC) and ton of carbon dioxide() by applying the weighted coefficient method(WCM) to public-purpose facility buildings according to the mandatory 5% and 11% of new renewable energy in total construction costs and anticipated energy consumption, respectively, based on the changes of the public obligation system. (1) System installation capacity is applied within the same new renewable energy facility investment according to the mandatory 5% of new renewable energy in total construction costs. Both LCC and recorded in the descending order of geothermal, solar, and photovoltaic energy. The geothermal energy systems tended to exhibit an excellent performance with the increasing installation capacity percentage. (2) Optimal systems include the geothermal energy(100%) system in the category of single systems, the solar energy(12%)+geothermal energy(88%) system in the category of 2-combined systems, and the photovoltaic energy(12%)+solar energy(12%)+geothermal energy(76%) system and the photovoltaic energy(12%)+solar energy(25%)+geothermal energy(63%) system in the category of 3-combined systems. (3) LCC was the highest in the descending order of photovoltaic, geothermal and solar energy due to the influences of each energy source`s correction coefficient according to the mandatory 11% of new renewable energy in anticipated energy consumption. The greater installation capacity percentage photovoltaic energy had, the more excellent tendency was observed. recorded in the descending order of geothermal, photovoltaic and solar energy with the decreasing installation capacity of photovoltaic energy. The greater installation capacity percentage a geothermal energy system had, the more excellent tendency it demonstrated. (4) Optimal systems include the geothermal energy(100%) system in the category of single systems, the photovoltaic energy(62%)+geothermal energy(38%) system in the category of 2-combined systems, and the photovoltaic energy(50%)+solar energy(12%)+geothermal energy(38%) system and the photovoltaic energy(12%)+solar energy(12%)+geothermal energy(76%) system in the category of 3-combined systems.

Nowadays, shortage of the water resources is a global issue. Water desalination is a solution that can be used to solve the water shortage problem. Several methods have been proposed for water desalination and are categorized to membrane and non-membrane procedures. The most popular membrane processes are electrodialysis (ED) and reverse osmosis (RO); in contrast, the most popular non- membrane processes are capacitive deionization (CDI) and distillation. All water desalination procedures need energy supplies. The solar and Photovoltaic (PV) energy is potentially a desirable green energy supply for water desalination especially for non-residential areas where the grid is not available. In areas such as deserts and offshore stations, the PV solar energy is a practical and cost effective solution for water desalination systems. Where the grid connection is available, the PV and solar desalination systems produce fewer emissions. The PV energy needs to be processed through power electronic power conditioning systems. This paper proposes the application of PV power and solar energy to supply the water desalination systems.

It is a scientific production whose theme is that of photovoltaic energy in a residential property in the municipality of Porto Velho. Photovoltaic solar energy is the electrical energy produced from heat and sunlight. The greater the solar radiation on the solar plates, the greater the amount of electrical energy produced. Solar energy is considered an alternative, renewable, clean and sustainable source of energy. Solar energy has been used in homes, businesses, industries, in rural areas and in the generation of electric energy through solar plants, being a great option for savings in the electricity bill, in addition to being an alternative, renewable and clean energy. There are 3 types of solar energy: solar photovoltaic energy, solar thermal energy and heliothermic energy. Each acts in a different way. The growth of photovoltaic technology in Brazil and in the world has become increasingly accentuated. This is due to the decrease in equipment costs and the increase in the population’s information about alternative energy sources. However, like any type of technology, photovoltaic systems have advantages and disadvantages. Photovoltaic Solar Energy: Advantages and Disadvantages – The purpose of this text is to clarify the main ones and to resolve any doubts regarding the generation of energy through the sun. The objective is to demonstrate the advantages of this type of energy in a residential property in Porto Velho. The methodology used was that of systematic literature review.

The purpose of this article is to understand the state of art of photovoltaic solar energy through a systematic literature research, in which the following themes are approached: ways of obtaining the energy, its advantages and disadvantages, applications, current market, costs and technologies according to what has been approached in the scientific researches published until 2016. For this research, we performed a qualitative and quantitative approach with a non-probabilistic sample size, obtaining 142 articles published since 1996–2016 with a slitting cut. The analysis result of this research shows that studies about photovoltaic energy are rising and may perform an important role in reaching a high-energy demand around the world. To increase the participation of photovoltaic energy in the renewable energy market requires, first, to raise awareness regarding its benefits; to increase the research and development of new technologies; to implement public policies a programs that will encourage photovoltaic energy generation. Although crystal silicon solar cells were predominant, other types of cells have been developed, which can compete, both in terms of cost reduction of production, or in terms of greater efficiency. The main applications are dominated by telecommunications, water pumping, public lighting, BIPV, agriculture, water heating, grain drying, water desalination, space vehicles and satellites. The studies found on photovoltaic solar energy are all technical, thus creating the need for future research related to the economic viability, chain supply coordination, analysis of barriers and incentives to photovoltaic solar energy and deeper studies about the factors that influence the position of such technologies in the market.

Energy generated by fossil fuels is the main source of GHG emissions in the world. To mitigate global warming, Paris Agreement is an initiative that aims to limit global GHG emissions. Substitution of fossil fuels by renewable sources is considered a solution to reducing GHG emissions. Solar energy is particularly emphasized due to its high availability and low emissions. Although Brazil has excellent conditions for the generation of photovoltaic solar energy, its energy matrix is still composed of a large amount of fossil sources. There is a lack of studies on the change in GHG emissions by replacing these fossil sources with photovoltaic energy and the investment required for this change. This article aims to investigate GHG emissions of projected energy matrix of Brazil in 2030 and investment needs in photovoltaic energy for replacement of fossil sources, seeking an energy matrix within the goals Paris Agreement. Projections for substituting fossil fuels with photovoltaic energy in the year 2030 were made and GHG emissions in CO2eq were calculated using the IPCC method for Global Warming Potential - 100 years. The annual investment was estimated using data on capacity factor of photovoltaic generation for Brazil and value of installation costs provided by International Renewable Energy Agency. Results revealed that with the projected substitution of fossil fuels by photovoltaic in matrix energy 2030 emissions can be reduced by 36,9% (from 0.484GtCO2eq to 0,305GtCO2eq). The investment required for this replacement is estimated at U$S 376,5 billion. Despite the photovoltaic energy promising type of energy for Brazil, it is still unfeasible for the country to achieve goals in Paris Agreement (0,187 GtCO2e for 2030). In addition, a SWOT analysis provides an overview for decision-makers on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of photovoltaic energy in mitigation climate change context.

Potentials and opportunities of solar PV and wind energy sources in Saudi Arabia: Land suitability, techno-socio-economic feasibility, and future variability

Thermal energy for industrial processes can be generated using thermal (ST) or photovoltaic (PV) solar energy. ST energy has traditionally been the most favorable option due to its cost and efficiency. Current costs and efficiencies values make the PV solar energy become an alternative to ST energy as supplier of industrial process heat. The aim of this study is to provide a useful tool to decide in each case which option is economically and environmentally the most suitable alternative. The methodology used to compare ST and PV systems is based on the calculation of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) avoided by using renewable technologies instead of conventional sources of energy. In both cases, these calculations depend on costs and efficiencies associated with ST or PV systems and the conversion factor from thermal or electrical energy to GHG. To make these calculations, a series of hypotheses are assumed related to consumer and energy prices, operation, maintenance and replacement costs, lifetime of the system or working temperature of the industrial process. This study applies the methodology at five different sites which have been selected taking into account their radiometric and meteorological characteristics. In the case of ST energy three technologies are taken into account, compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), linear Fresnel collector (LFC) and parabolic trough collector (PTC). The PV option includes two ways of use of generated electricity, an electrical resistance or a combination of an electrical resistance and a heat pump (HP). Current values of costs and efficiencies make ST system remains as the most favorable option. These parameters may vary significantly over time. The evolution of these parameters may convert PV systems into the most favorable option for particular applications.Thermal energy for industrial processes can be generated using thermal (ST) or photovoltaic (PV) solar energy. ST energy has traditionally been the most favorable option due to its cost and efficiency. Current costs and efficiencies values make the PV solar energy become an alternative to ST energy as supplier of industrial process heat. The aim of this study is to provide a useful tool to decide in each case which option is economically and environmentally the most suitable alternative. The methodology used to compare ST and PV systems is based on the calculation of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) avoided by using renewable technologies instead of conventional sources of energy. In both cases, these calculations depend on costs and efficiencies associated with ST or PV systems and the conversion factor from thermal or electrical energy to GHG. To make these calculations, a series of hypotheses are assumed related to consumer and energy prices, operation, maintenance...

Is the success of small-scale photovoltaic solar energy generation achievable in Brazil?

Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy; latest developments in the building integrated and hybrid PV systems

With proper management, the modernization of irrigation systems makes it possible to improve the efficiency of application and use of water at the cost of an increase in pumping needs and, therefore, an increment of the energy consumed. The recent drastic price increase for energy put the viability of many farms at risk. In this context, using photovoltaic solar energy to power pumping stations has become an increasingly attractive alternative and a cheap and reliable option. The dimensioning of pumping systems powered by photovoltaic solar energy must be done considering the variability of solar radiation to take advantage of the available photovoltaic energy, especially during periods of less irradiation. By investigating a particular case, this paper studies the effect of increasing the number of pumps in parallel while maintaining the total power, as well as the relationship between the installed photovoltaic capacity and the power of the pumping system, to meet pumping requirements throughout the year. The pumped volume increased as the number of pumps installed in parallel increased for the same photovoltaic power generator. Although this increment has a limit, beyond which no greater significant rise in volume is achieved, installation costs increase. In addition, for the same pumping power installed, the required photovoltaic generator power decreases as the number of pumps in parallel increases. In the case studied, a 27% increase in the annual pumped volume was achieved by incrementing the number of pumps in parallel from one to five, thus leading to a 44.1% reduction in the size of the photovoltaic generator and a 13.3% reduction in the cost of installation compared with a system with only one pump. The procedure used to determine the most appropriate number of pumps to install in parallel when pumping water between two tanks, which minimizes the photovoltaic generator's size while guaranteeing pumping requirements, is easily generalizable for sizing isolated photovoltaic water pumping systems.

Purpose: To carry out a bibliographic study reviewing scientific works related to hydrogen and thermal/photovoltaic solar energy being published within Brazil and globally. Method/design/approach: The Bibliometrics R tool was applied to analyse document data extracted from the Scopus database. Results and conclusion: Over three thousand documents about hydrogen with photovoltaic energy were found, published in 1,200 journals. Near 6,600 documents were catalogued for the general issue of hydrogen and solar energy. The number of publications per year continuously grew from 1975 to 2022, reaching 200 in recent years. Research implications: The theme related to hydrogen and photovoltaic solar energy still needs to gain space in Brazil, as the number of publications is modest compared with other countries. The present work shows that, despite the increasing attention that this theme is receiving, a lot of potential remains unexplored. Originality/value: This study seeks to map and identify the main published works on hydrogen production from solar-photovoltaic and solar-thermal sources. The study focuses on the global as well as the Brazilian scenario and uses the Scopus database in association with the Bibliometrix R tool to analyse the reported data.

Photovoltaic energy in Colombia: Current status, inventory, policies and future prospects

High energy utilization per capita and the country's gross domestic product (GDP) dependence on oil exports are the major problems of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Abundant solar energy resources available in the country can help KSA to diversify its GDP. In this work, the photovoltaic (PV) energy outputs of KSA are compared with the potential PV energy customer such as European Countries, China, India, and Pakistan based on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the net present cost (NPC). The PV energy is analyzed by a 4 GW grid connected PV system placed in the capital of each country. The grid sale price of PV energy is taken as half of the grid purchase energy price for each respective country. The high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission of solar energy generated by the 4 GW PV system in KSA exported to potential customers is analyzed based on the NPC, LCOE, and payback period. Gwadar (Pakistan), (Antalya) Turkey, Karachi (Pakistan), and Ahmedabad (India) are economically feasible options with an LCOE of 5.2 ¢/kWh, 5.5 ¢/kWh, 6.2 ¢/kWh, and 7.5 ¢/kWh, respectively. The European countries are infeasible for PV energy export from KSA based on their load curves and NPC. The megacity of Karachi can be the first customer of KSA solar energy transmitted by HVDC.

The article provides a brief overview of research in the development of combined systems consisting of photovoltaic and thermal solar energy converters. Theoretical, numerical and experimental methods of research in the field of development of combined systems, consisting of photovoltaic and thermal converters of solar energy, have been carried out for almost four decades. Researchers and specialists have repeatedly proposed and evaluated various types of combined systems consisting of photovoltaic and thermal solar energy converters. If you look closely at the history of these developments, you can see that at the beginning of the work, the main efforts were directed to fundamental theories, the consolidation of conceptual ideas and a feasibility study of the main configurations of the design of the collector of combined systems consisting of photovoltaic and thermal solar energy converters. By the early 2000s, research on combined systems consisting of photovoltaic and thermal solar energy converters was more about improving collector design and cost-effectiveness evaluation. More rigorous analyzes of energy and mass transfer phenomena have been carried out on conventional collectors with experimental verification. Ideas for integrated building design began to emerge, and demonstration designs became available for documentation. However, in the last decade, the focus has generally shifted towards the development of complementary products, innovative systems, testing procedures, and design optimization. Numerical analysis becomes more complete with powerful analytical tools. Particular attention was paid to monitoring product reliability, system reliability and environmental impact. It is expected that combined systems consisting of photovoltaic and thermal solar energy converters will be more widely used in the near future, primarily due to environmental necessity.

Various studies have been made to improve the efficiency of the solar still. These studies had devoted to the combination of solar collectors with solar still. This article proposes the use of all forms of solar thermal or photovoltaic energy. In addition, photovoltaic electric storage systems convert them to thermal energy that increases the temperature of a greenhouse solar still. We investigated the possibility of improving the productivity of a greenhouse still and prolong solar distillation overnight. The proposed system is the incorporation of thermal energy produced by a parabolic-cylindrical concentrator, a greenhouse still, and photovoltaic solar energy by panels. The production at 14 pm reaches 110 L/m2 thanks to the various thermal sources made up of the hybrid still. It has better productivity than other distillers. The distillation is extended in the evening thanks to a storage system using electric batteries. The production at 18 pm to 18 L/m2 is reduced at 24 pm to 5 L/m2 in the dark. The accumulated temperature decreases the negative influence of the physical parameters on the production which exceeds 100 L/m2 per day. In the evening, the production is reached 16 L/m2 at 22 pm, which is an advantage compared to other distillers.