Abstract
Abstract Kon-Tiki kilns have been recommended as an easy-to-use, affordable yet environment-friendly approach to produce biochar. The flame curtain technology has been tested on a limited range of ligno-cellulosic biomass; therefore, this study explored the operation and performance of earth (EKT) and metal (MKT) Kon-Tiki kilns using abundantly available tropical oil palm frond (OPF). The apparent carbon sequestration potential (CSP) was estimated based on the H/Corg ratio method. Our results demonstrated that both kilns reached highest treatment temperatures of 790 ± 100 ℃ (EKT) and 792 ± 44 ℃ (MKT) (p = 0.98) and exhibited a sinus wave-like temperature profile in the case of MKT. The average biochar yield produced from both kilns was 16 ± 4 wt. % with a fixed carbon and ash content of 56 ± 3 wt. % and 27 ± 3 wt. %, respectively. The OPF biochar had a pH of 10.02 ± 0.04 with a liming capacity of 8.91 ± 0.17 % calcium carbonate equivalent. The molar H/C and O/C ratios were 0.45 ± 0.03 and 0.19 ± 0.09, both satisfying IBI and EBC criteria for biochar. OPF biochars were mesoporous (
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