Five. South Boston: Returning to a “White” Neighborhood

South Boston, Massachusetts is famous for its ethnic Irish population. From initial Irish emigration in the early 1800's, to the mass exodus during the potato famine in mid 1800's, the Irish have settled in South Boston. Initial immigrants to Boston were fleeing persecution from English land barons and hoped to find a better life in America. Yet, much of the early history of the enclave is underscored by the harsh treatment of the ruling Brahmin class. The Irish struggled to find jobs, housing and practice their Catholic faith within the confines of an elite Protestant majority. Slowly enclave residents broke through the obstacles and started to create a dynamic ethnic neighborhood. The enclave continued to change and used politics as a vehicle for advancement. Irish politicians and the 'ethnic vote' were critical in battling against movements of redevelopment and desegregation that threatened the homogeneity of enclave. The neighborhood is constantly changing, yet remains rooted in the socio-cultural norms of the Celtic customs. Traditions of Catholic faith, pub culture and a code of secrecy endure in the area and must be understood as part of the equation of ethnic enclave. Ethnic enclave functions such as providing a sense of security, defense, social support, socio-economic assistance and cultural preservation are working processes of the enclave (Boal, 1976; Peach, 1996). Yet, in the literature these functions are static and categorized, rather applied within the context of historical, dynamic characteristics that change over time. The functions of the South Boston Irish enclave have changed to reflect socio-economic events that occurred during the past two hundred years. Functions are a reaction to the atmosphere in which the enclave evolves. Functions cannot be viewed as action separate from the history and culture of an enclave. Defense, avoidance, and attack are reactions to the negative atmosphere immigrants encountered and the need to advance in a dominant host community. Preservation and sociological functions are employed to ensure that the customs and culture are not lost during the evolution of enclave within the dominance of the host community. The Irish enclave of South Boston's functions are a reaction to the social history in which it evolved and the culture of its residents.

Effects of Single-Bundle and Double-Bundle ACL Reconstruction on Tibiofemoral Forces and Joint Kinematics Under Dynamic Loading (SS-42)

Based on seven months of residence, observation, and elite interviewing in South Boston in 1976-1977, this study examines community protest against "forced busing" from the perspective of the "defended neighborhood" model. The model fits the South Boston case in almost every particular, and thereby adds to better understanding of the neighbor hood's prolonged and intense resistance to busing and school desegregation.

The Lithuanian National Revolt of 1941. By Algirdas Martin Budreckis. Published by Juozas Kapočius, 1968. Distributed by Lithuanian Encyclopedia Press, South Boston, Mass. xvi, 147 pp. $4.00. - Volume 28 Issue 4

Accuracy of circular contact area measurements with thin-film pressure sensors

Journal AWWAVolume 26, Issue 9 p. 1194-1195 Article Maps and Records of Existing Water Mains, Valves and Hydrants P. H. Johnson Jr., P. H. Johnson Jr. Superintendent Water Works, South Boston, Va.Search for more papers by this author P. H. Johnson Jr., P. H. Johnson Jr. Superintendent Water Works, South Boston, Va.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 1934 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1934.tb13762.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume26, Issue9September 1934Pages 1194-1195 RelatedInformation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of changing mandibular position on body posture and reciprocally, body posture on mandibular position. Forty-five (45) asymptomatic subjects (24 males and 21 females, ages 21-53 years, mean age 30.7 years) were included in this study and randomly assigned to one of two groups, based on the table of random numbers. The only difference between group I and group II was the sequence of the testing. The MatScan (Tekscan, Inc., South Boston, MA) system was used to measure the result of changes in body posture (center of foot pressure: COP) while subjects maintained the following 5 mandibular positions: 1) rest position, 2) centric occlusion, 3) clinically midlined jaw position with the labial frena aligned, 4) a placebo wax appliance, worn around the labial surfaces of the teeth and 5) right eccentric mandibular position. The T-Scan II (Tekscan, Inc., South Boston, MA) system was used to analyze occlusal force distribution in two postural positions, with and without a heel lift under the right foot. Total trajectory length of COP in centric occlusion was shorter than in the rest position (p<0.05). COP area in right eccentric mandibular position was larger than in centric occlusion (p<0.05). When subjects used a heel lift under the right foot, occlusal forces shifted to the right side compared to no heel lift (p<0.01). Based on these findings, it was concluded that changing mandibular position affected body posture. Conversely, changing body posture affected mandibular position.

The Supreme Court in Swann drove the yellow school bus down the road of racial reform. And a bumpy journey it would prove to be. Why, one wonders, did the Court choose busing among all the alternatives available? Why, moreover, was that choice unanimous? Why, lastly, had several justices even swallowed their personal misgivings to join the opinion? For the Court’s commitment to this fateful step, there exist various explanations. One is that the Court never anticipated just how much opposition compulsory busing would provoke. Northern sentiment had not yet been aroused at the time of Swann; South Boston was but a speck on the racial horizon. The justices might still have believed opposition to busing just another eruption of the same southern temper that had produced Little Rock, Prince Edward, and the ugly happenings at Lamar. By 1970, moreover, the Court was most impatient with the South and more than a little embarrassed that sixteen years after Brown the task of southern integration remained incomplete. Thus Swann seemed the final step in the South’s subjugation. That busing would soon become the hottest issue of national domestic politics, the justices had not as yet fully foreseen. There was more to the Court’s approval of busing than integrating the South. Green had whetted the Court’s appetite for numbers. Black-white percentages at last gave the Court a concrete measuring rod, an objective determinant of a school board’s good faith. If one’s goal for schools was statistical racial balance, busing seemed the most direct way to achieve it. In fact, busing seemed the only way to achieve it in the urban metropolis where the races lived largely apart. But something more profound motivated the Court’s probusing stance in 1971: a mystical force in the catacombs of the Supreme Court known as the spirit of Brown. Brown’s legacy was a special race consciousness, an understanding among justices that blacks were henceforth to enjoy constitutional priority.

Community Land Trusts (CLTs) offer a community-led response to housing problems and can provide affordable housing for low-income residents. Generally the academic work on CLTs remains underdeveloped, particularly in the UK, although some argue that they can be an efficient way in which to manage scarce resources while others have noted that CLTs can provide a focal point for community resistance. In this article we provide evidence on two active CLTs in inner urban areas in major US cities, New York and Boston. In Cooper Square, Lower East Side Manhattan and Dudley Street, south Boston, we see the adoption of different approaches to development suggesting that we should speak of models of CLTs rather than assuming a single operational approach. The cases we present indicate both radical and reformist responses to the state and market provision of housing and neighbourhood sustainability. They also suggest community activism can prove to be significant in securing land and the development of the CLT.

Book Review Practical Materia Medica for Nurses . With an Appendix Containing Poisons and Their Antidotes, with Posion-Emergencies; Mineral Waters; Weights and Measures; Dose-List; and a Glossary of the Terms Used in Materia Medica and Therapeutics. By Emily A. M. Stoney, Late Superintendent of Training School for Nurses, Carney Hospital, South Boston, Mass., etc. Third edition, thoroughly revised. Philadelphia and

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various occlusal reduction levels on the postoperative pain in teeth diagnosed as symptomatic apical periodontitis by using a computerized analysis system. Thirty-nine molar teeth with symptomatic apical periodontitis were included. After the root canal preparation and filling was performed, the subjects were divided into three groups according to the level of occlusal reduction determined by using T-Scan (T-Scan III for Windows, Tekscan Inc., South Boston, MA) as follows: (1) no reduction (control), (2) semi-reduction, and (3) full-reduction groups. Preoperative and postoperative pain levels using visual analogue scale, percussion pain, and analgesic intake were recorded for each subject. The data were evaluated statistically using two-way analysis of variance and Holm-Sidak post hoc tests at a 95% confidence level (P = 0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of occlusal reduction (P > 0.005). Within the limitation of the present study, there were no significant differences among the no reduction, semi-reduction, and full-reduction groups at 1, 3, 5, and 7days in terms of postoperative pain levels. Occlusal reduction, determined using a computerized analysis system, did not influence the postoperative pain in teeth diagnosed as symptomatic apical periodontitis.

Public housing began as a response to economic problems: In order to increase employment and provide low income housing, the federal Public Works Administration (PWA) in 1934 started to build and manage housing projects. The 1,018-unit Old Harbor Village in South Boston (later renamed the Mary Ellen McCormick project) was one of the first of these developments. The role of the PWA was short-lived, however. After several court decisions denied the federal government eminent domain to acquire and clear slum property, the PWA extricated itself from the program. Since that time, the federal government’s role has been to provide debt financing to localities for the purpose of building projects, operating subsidies, and guidelines for construction and management through the Public Housing Administration.1

Lateral ankle sprains are the most common injuries in high school sports. While ankle taping is a preferred method of external prophylactic support, its restrictive properties decline during exercise. The Under Armour® Highlight cleat is marketed on the premise that it provides added support without the need for additional ankle taping. To determine if differences in ankle joint laxity and postural control exist between football players wearing the Under Armour® Highlight cleat (Under Armour Inc, Baltimore, MD) as compared to a low/mid-top cleat with ankle tape. Crossover trial. Athletic training room and football practice field sideline. 32 interscholastic football players (15.8 ± 1.0y; 178.9 ± 7.4cm; 87.1 ± 21.4kg). Ankle laxity was assessed using an instrumented ankle arthrometer (Blue Bay Research Inc, Milton, FL), while postural control testing was performed on the Tekscan MobileMat™ Balanced Error Scoring System (BESS; South Boston, MA). The 2 treatments included Under Armour® Highlight cleats and a low/mid-top cleat with ankle tape applied to the nondominant ankle only. Measurements were taken before and immediately after practice. The independent variable was treatment (Highlight vs low/mid-top cleat with ankle tape). Dependent variables included ankle arthrometry measures of anterior displacement (mm), inversion/eversion rotation (deg), and the modified BESS error scores. A linear mixed-effects model was used for analysis. The low/mid-top cleat with tape condition had significantly higher inversion range-of-motion (ROM) and inversion/eversion rotation postexercise when compared to the Highlight cleat (P < 0.05). The results of this study provide some evidence that the Under Armour® Highlight cleat restricts ankle ROM following a training session better than the taped low/mid-top cleat. Further study is warranted to determine if this high-top style of football cleat can reduce the incidence of ankle sprains and how it might compare to spat taping.

This photograph shows protestors at a 1975 rally in Thomas Park in South Boston. The apparently all white protestors were gathered at the rally to express their dissatisfaction with the decision to integrate Boston’s public schools by busing some students to schools outside their home districts to even out the ratios of Black students to white students in each school. Throughout the 1974–75 school year, anti-integration protestors rallied at schools and public locations to protest the new policies.

Preface Figures and Tables 1. Introduction: Reclaiming Public Housing Public Housing: Critics and Apologists Public Neighborhoods Public Housing as Constructed Communities The Stigma of the Projects Public Housing Transformations: Public and Private Public Housing in Boston Pressures on Public Housing Three Boston Public Neighborhoods 2. West Broadway: Public Housing for Lower-End Whites South Boston's Lower End before Public Housing Public Housing and South Boston's Lower End, 1935-1965 The D Street Wars Assaults on the Project Assaults by the Press The Residents Fight Back The Fight for Redevelopment and Distress 3. Franklin Field: Public Housing, Neighborhood Abandonment, and Racial Transition Franklin Field's Origins: The Geography of Marginality Housing Veterans on Franklin Field The Long Decline Lurching toward Redevelopment The Limits of Redeveloped Housing Accounting for Failure 4. Commonwealth: Public Housing and Private Opportunities Boston's Wild West: Brighton before Public Housing Public Housing on Brighton's Last Farm Fidelis Way, Scourge of the Neighborhood Redevelopment Partnership: A Three-Way Street Assessing Success 5. Reclaiming Housing, Recovering Communities: A Comparison of Neighborhood Struggles Trajectories of Collapse Trajectories of Redevelopment Seven Kinds of Expanding and Applying the Measures of Recovering Communities Signs of Life? Note on Literature and Methods Notes Credits Index