Fisheries and aquaculture in India: Past, present and future

This book provides comprehensive information on several dimensions of blue revolution in a structured form. Material provided in the book has been gathered from several relevant published sources and views expressed are based on practical field experience of the authors. Blue revolution would be one of the big game changers for the Indian economy. The subject of sustainable development of fisheries sector being very vast, concerted efforts have been made to accommodate all the relevant elements. Very little reading material with proper analysis is currently available and this book is expected to bridge the gap and project way-forward to achieve sustainable development of fisheries and aquaculture in India under the blue revolution. The book is organised under 13 chapters covering wide ranging subjects that include fish production, processing, marketing, exports/imports of fishery products; ecolabelling; role of industry in promoting sustainability in fishing and aquaculture; sustainability issues in marine/inland fisheries/aquaculture; and fisheries regulations and legislations. Information has been provided on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) particularly SDG 14 (Life Below Water); components of blue economy; Government of India fisheries development initiatives; and executive summary of recently launched PMMSY. Emerging plant and cell-based seafood segment; overall impacts of climate change; and impact of recent pandemic COVID-19 on fisheries and aquaculture are discussed under separate chapters. Finally, a chapter on ‘Way Forward’ is included that suggests practical management measures, technology infusion, technical interventions along with few innovative concepts and approaches towards achieving blue revolution. Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

This paper examines freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming in southwest Bangladesh where a large number of farmers have converted their rice fields to export oriented prawn farms, locally known as gher. The gher design potentially provides good opportunities for diversified production of prawn, fish, rice and dike crops, that has brought about a ‘blue revolution’. The average annual yield of prawn, fish and rice was estimated at 467, 986 and 2,257 kg ha−1, respectively. Large farmers produced higher production due to more inputs, larger farm size and longer experience of prawn farming than others. All farmers in different gher size categories (i.e., small, medium and large) made a profit, with seed and feed dominating variable costs. Despite a higher production costs per hectare, the average annual net return was higher in large farms (US$2,426), compared with medium (US$1,798) and small (US$1,420) farms. Prawn production in gher systems has been accompanied by a great deal of social and economic benefits. Most farmers associate the blue revolution with increases in income and living standards. Socio-economic benefits of the households of prawn farmers depend on resource ownership (i.e., farm size) and are very apparent. Nevertheless, a number of significant challenges, particularly social and environmental issues, are vital in translating its benefits effectively to the thousands of rural poor.

Climate change poses enormous challenges for agriculture in developing countries, impacting farmers' livelihoods. Farmers are extremely affected by their need to adapt to changing climatic variations. Climate resilient technologies are an effective means to protect farming systems from climate variability. National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) is a flagship initiative of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi which has demonstrated, and promoted the application of climate-resilient technologies in the most vulnerable 151 districts across 28 states and 1 union territory in India. This study has been conducted to investigate the extent to which CRA technologies are being adopted by the farmers in the NICRA project executed in villages of Suryapet and Khammam districts in Telangana state, India. It further studied the factors affecting the extent of adoption of CRA technologies and whether these technologies help achieve the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A structured interview was carried out to obtain data from 200 respondents. Data was analyzed using normalization of the adoption index and step-wise multiple regression analysis. Results discovered medium to high levels of adoption of CRA technologies by the farmers with interventions like deep ploughing, in situ moisture conservation technologies, improved paddy varieties, crop diversification, crop rotation, deworming in sheep and goats, improved backyard poultry breeds and Custom Hiring Centres were highly adopted by the farmers. Factors like innovative proneness, availability of water resources, economic motivation, farming system, land holding, and risk-taking ability have significantly contributed to the adoption of CRA technologies. Results revealed that NICRA interventions facilitated the achievement of various SDGs, viz., SDG-1 (no poverty), SDG-2 (zero hunger), SDG-3 (good health and well-being), SDG-8 (decent work and economic growth), SDG-12 (responsible consumption and production), SDG-13 (climate action), and SDG-15 (life on land). The study recommends increasing awareness among farmers and enhancing their capacity through various programmes by extension personnel to further improve the adoption of CRA technologies and achieve SDGs.

India became independent in 1947, when it was still reeling from the impact of the 1943 Bengal famine and world as a whole was experiencing the brunt of world war second. Thus India was born hungry in a hungry world. The country leaders were well aware of the challenge that India was expected to face in terms of food security and it was Jawaharlal Nehru who said everything can wait but not agriculture. The first president of India Rajendra Prasad after taking the chair, the first thing he did was to hoist the flag at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, declaring “India’s most pressing task would be to conquer the battle of hunger. The Indian population has increased tremendously from 376 million in 1950 to 1380 million in 2020 and it is agriculture and its allied sectors that sustained such a huge population. India still has a significant proportion of population 14% undernourished, 35% children stunted, 20% children underweight, 52% women of reproductive age anaemic. India could bring out green revolution, white revolution and blue revolution in order to provide food security to its people. India presently is not food deficient; it has attained self sufficiency in food production and stands exporters of food. However the irony is that India stands at place 102 in global hunger index with score of 30 that is a matter of concern (Global Hunger Index-GHI, 2019). The problem is in making this food available to the people or access to the food is ensured. India needs nutritional security rather than food security besides transformation in agriculture and allied sectors to become free from hunger. The task is tough and precipitated by Covid-19 pandemic, but not impossible. India has much strength but will need research, extension, implementation and policy framing to have sustainable, nutrition sensitive, climate resilient, integrated and smart agriculture to eliminate hunger.

Bar diagram, 186 Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition (BCFN), 84 Baseline model, 114-118 empirical calibration, 119-120 impact of increase in stringency of environmental norms, 118-119 impact of technological advancement in production of clean energy, 119 impact of technological progress towards fuel efficiency, 119 Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP), 294

In the 6th (2011–15) and 7th (2016–20) Five Year Plans (FYP), Bangladesh's policy makers have set ambitious national environmental targets and goals to move the country towards more a sustainable economy and society. The goals were dictated by the economic, social and political interests of the political elites. This has resulted in limited stakeholder participation in environmental policy formulation. The 6th FYP aimed at achieving Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 7: ‘Ensure Environmental Sustainability’. It failed due to shortcomings in local implementation and due to a lack of community participation. The 7th FYP is based on the newly adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 13, 14, 15. The obvious paradox within Bangladesh's environmental planning is the big gap between central government's policy making and community participation and local government involvement. This paper examines environmental policy formulation, implementation and monitoring in the last two FYPs in Bangladesh. Contemporary deliberative democratic theory provides important theoretical and applied insights that are often unexamined in the environmental planning literature. A theoretical framework is developed to analyse to what degree environmental planning arrangements incorporated deliberative elements and how they contribute to decision-making. A case study of the environmental planning process tests its effectiveness in explaining observed outcomes. Elsewhere, deliberative democratic approaches have been central to the success of the environmental planning process. The central government's failure to apply this approach produced a policy gap. Plan targets cannot be met unless local participation is ensured through the deliberative framework.

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and the World Bank have collaborated on a project entitled the National Agricultural Higher Education Project (NAHEP) to improve agricultural higher education in India, paving the way for sustainable higher education in agriculture. As part of this project, the present investigation was carried out through national-level workshops involving seven State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) across India, with participants from academia and industry, to strengthen ‘academia–industry collaboration’ through effective linkages. Based on the responses of 199 respondents from academia and industry, the study demonstrates an absolute need for linkages between universities and industries (p < 0.001), which are perceived to help improve higher education sustainably. Academic institutions believe that such linkages benefit students concerning their employability, entrepreneurial skills, and financial support received. At the same time, industries believe that they would benefit from novel technologies and influencing academic curricula. This article also establishes an alliance between some parts of academia and industry in the form of MoUs in the identified areas. However, many other areas need more appropriate linkage models. Both sectors, i.e., academia and industry, concur that such exposure and collaboration between the two entities will help to improve the quality of education. Moreover, such collaborations provide financial support, increase students’ employability, and improve their entrepreneurial skills. Among the areas requiring collaboration, the ‘capacity building of students’ was rated most important by academia and industry. Overall, the present study has significant implications for university administrators and industry leaders involved in enhancing academia–industry cooperation and improving the quality and sustainability of higher education in agriculture. Further, the study greatly contributes to the National Education Policy (NEP) to promote innovation among the student communities through Higher Educational Institutes (HEIs) and to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) play a crucial role in promoting crop growth by enhancing phosphorus supply and reducing phosphorus loss in soil. However, a comprehensive bibliometric overview of the research landscape on PSM in agricultural applications has been lacking. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis to explore global research trends, key contributors, and collaborative networks in the application of PSM in ecological restoration, providing valuable insights for future research. A total of 1,662 documents from the Web of Science Core Collection, spanning from 1984 to 2024, were extracted and analyzed using Bibliometrix and CiteSpace software. The findings reveal a period of rapid growth in this field since 2018. Initially, research focused on microbial soil nutrients, such as phosphate rock and Azospirillum brasilense. Current research hotspots have shifted towards topics like drought and salt stress, as well as productivity, reflecting an increasing emphasis on mitigating the impacts of global warming and environmental changes. China and India lead in research output, contributing 36.67% of the total articles. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research published the highest number of articles. Future research on PSM should emphasize their role in enhancing nutrient uptake, improving soil health, and mitigating environmental stresses, supporting sustainable agriculture and ecological restoration. This bibliometric analysis of 1,162 articles by 7,454 authors from 101 countries highlights critical advances at the intersection of soil microbiology, sustainable land management, and climate change adaptation. These findings provide a foundation for addressing global challenges like soil degradation, nutrient cycling, and food security, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals.

Scope of translational research focusing rural areas

A decadal outlook for global aquaculture

Universal health coverage post-2015: putting people first

In India, marine fish production is achieved through capture fisheries and mariculture- culturing of finfish, shellfish, seaweed, etc., in the sea. Increasing protein demand has to be met through increased marine fish production. As marine capture fisheries is in a stagnating phase, the additional fish production has to be achieved through mariculture. Technologies like cage farming and seaweed farming are being promoted by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) for more than a decade. These interventions assisted in enhancing the marine fish production and income of the fishers. One of the anticipated issues while expanding sea cage farming is the increased organic and inorganic load in the water and consequent disease problems. In this context, the concept of bio-mitigation along with increased biomass production can be adopted by integrating different groups of commercially important aquatic species that are having varied feeding habits. This concept is known as Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). The environmental and economic stability and social acceptability is ensured through IMTA. The ICAR-CMFRI has successfully demonstrated IMTA under participatory mode with a fishermen group by integrating seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii with cage farming of Cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Through demonstration, the total seaweed produced under IMTA was 2.2 times higher than the control. Similarly, the cobia yield was 1.3 times higher than the control. Additionally, the total amount of carbon sequestered into farmed seaweed was 2.2 times higher than the control. At present in adoption stage, the total seaweed produced under IMTA was 3.1 times higher than the control. Integration of seaweed with cobia cages favorably generates additional revenue and is efficient in reducing both organic and inorganic matter from unutilized feed and excreta and thereby ensuring ecological balances. It is also one of the significant mitigating measures on the adverse impact of climate change and earns carbon credit to our country.

This writing is to find out and explain the Management of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Village Fund-based Education in Batang Regency. This research aims to determine the Management of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Village Fund-based Education, which has been implemented in Batang Regency. The method used in this research is mixed. This research and implementation were conducted in Batang Regency villages, which had a population of village heads and village secretaries of 239 people. Result found that there were main components of management Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Village Fund-based education which has so far been implemented in Batang Regency, Planning in the field of education using SDGs data, SDGs Education Planning according to needs, Community Participation of all Education actors including the disabled, and Community proposals according to needs are still not good regarding the level of participation, the Village Fund is strategic for funding activities Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Education and Activities Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Education really supports increasing Human Resources (HR) in the Village and community participation in implementing development in the Village, The village carries out an evaluation Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Education to improve Human Resources, evaluation Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Education needs input from society And Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Education needs assessment from the District and Dispermades. Conclusion: Management Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Village Fund-based education that has been implemented in Batang Regency has been good, but community participation is still lacking, which is ideal and by regulations in Batang Regency. Participatory supervision is needed.

The annual increase in farmed freshwater prawn production in the world during the decade ending 2001 has been estimated as 29% and that during 1999–2001 as 48%, the production in 2001 being about 300 000 mt (all Macrobrachium species). Between 1999 and 2003 the annual increase in farmed Macrobrachium rosenbergii production in India was about 80%, production reaching 30 450 mt in 2002–2003. This log phase of production followed the rise and fall of shrimp farming in the country. Several shrimp farming ventures collapsed in the 1990s, owing to degraded environment and diseases, abetted by lack of awareness and inadequacy of information on the culture systems and their interactions with other human endeavours. This shrimp farming experience has made the aquafarmer and other stakeholders aware that while aquaculture has a high potential in ensuring food and nutritional security and livelihood, besides profit to the farmer and socio-economic benefits to local communities, it is likely to slip from sustainable development pathways if adequate understanding, improved management practices, governmental policies and plans for implementation and regulation to ensure sustainability are not in place. The lessons learned from shrimp farming can help in steering the development of sustainable freshwater prawn aquaculture in India and elsewhere.

The Covid-19 pandemic not only has halted our day-to-day life but has also slowed down our progress towards attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by imposing constraints in our social and economic lives. Hence, an all-hands approach in which stakeholders come together to ensure the implementation of the SDGs is essential for a post-pandemic recovery. As the SDGs are perceived as an invisible whole, it is eminent that synergies and tradeoffs exist within the different goals they present. This review paper explores the environmental-human linkage within SDG 2 and SDG 12 by focusing on optimizing the synergies between sustainable food production systems and resilient agriculture practices while addressing how to reduce the tradeoffs between these goals. The paper analyzes thematic focus areas such as resource utilization in the agri-food sector, food loss and waste management, IoT (Internet of Things) technologies and smart farming, the circular economic model for the agri-food industry, and food security. Moreover, the paper investigates specific targets and indicators for both SDG 2 and SDG 12 and explores these targets within the framework of proper food waste management; increased crop yield; sustainable food production methodologies; the effect of the food production sector on the environment; as well as efficient resource use including water, land, and Nitrogen in the context of Turkey