First report of Colletotrichum orchidophilum causing necrotic spots on flowers of Laelia tenebrosa.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a conversão alimentar (CA) por meio da inferência bayesiana considerando-se análises bivariadas. Foram utilizadas diferentes espécies animais de experimentos conduzidos na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O modelo proposto mostrou ser apropriado, uma vez que possibilitou a detecção de diferenças significativas entre níveis de fatores não detectados por procedimentos frequentistas em ANOVA tradicional, principalmente em pequenas amostras. No experimento com codornas, evidenciou-se que aves cujos níveis de proteína bruta eram de 23% e 29%, respectivamente, para machos e fêmeas, apresentaram uma melhor CA, de 2,83±0,03 e 2,66±0,03, respectivamente. No experimento com frangos, no grupo sem o aditivo antibiótico, a inclusão de 0,02% de extrato de ésteres naturais foi o que promoveu a melhor CA (1,72±0,01), e, de modo geral, o uso de antibiótico e a ausência de ésteres naturais promoveram CA de 1,63±0,02. Em caprinos, verificou-se que o aleitamento, seja com leite de cabra ou de vaca, promove igualmente uma melhor CA, respectivamente, no grupo de 60 e 90 dias, de 1,29±0,14 e 1,79±0,11, sugerindo que o aleitamento seja feito até os 60 dias. Em suínos, a dieta com maior nível de energia metabolizável e aminoácidos foi a que promoveu a melhor CA (2,86±0,07), quando comparada a uma dieta com nível nutricional mais baixo. Já o uso de enzimas na dieta com menor nível energético e de aminoácidos proporcionou resultado intermediário (2,90±007). Em bovinos, observou-se que o uso de 1% de concentrado na dieta promoveria uma melhor CA estimada de 7,33±0,35 entre os Nelores e que essa promoção seria de 7,40±0,58 entre os cruzados com o uso de 2% de concentrado na dieta.

Since its release in Brazil, wheat is being grown predominantly in the temperate climate zone, extending from Rio Grande do Sul to Parana. Many researchers considered this region the most adequate for commercial production of the cereal. Moreover, since the 1970s, wheat cultivation has expanded into central West Brazil, where cultivation in the Cerrado (open Brazilian savannah) region appears to be promising (Souza and Ramalho 2001, Cargnin et al. 2006). Irrigated wheat can be cultivated across almost the entire state of Minas Gerais, comprising all areas at over 400 m asl. Since the cereal is not a host for diseases such as sclerotinia, rhizoctonia or fusariosis, it has become the main option for crop rotation, as for example with bean in autumn/winter. In the state of Minas Gerais irrigated wheat is sown from April 10 through May 31. In the late 1970s, breeding programs in Minas Gerais focused on the release and experimental testing of cultivars of several national and international institutions. Germplasm for irrigated cultivation was introduced from the International Corn and Wheat Breeding Center (CIMMYT), Mexico. From 1980 to 1993, a selection program was developed with segregating populations, initially together with the Cerrado Research Center (CPAC) and later the National Wheat Research Center (CNPT), of the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA). After 1993, the Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV) took part in the state wheat breeding programs, contributing with hybridizations and releases of the CIMMYT line. ABSTRACT This study aimed to quantify the progress obtained by breeding programs of irrigated wheat in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 1976 to 2005. The efficiency of the programs was evaluated based on yield data obtained in Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) trials. The genetic and environmental progress was estimated by the methodology of Vencovsky et al. The mean annual progress rate from 1976 to 2005 in mean yield was estimated to be 48 kg ha-1 yr-1 (1.84% per year). Environmental and technological improvements were important for the increased yield during the study period, accounting for 32.8% of the total gain. Over the years, 33% of the genotypes used in the improvement programs of irrigated wheat were replaced.

Luffa cylindrica (Cucurbitaceae) is an Asian vine widely known as the source of loofah (4). In Brazil (local name bucha), it is cultivated by small scale producers as a cash crop. In January 2012, samples of fruits were collected in three areas in the municipality of Cipotânea, state of Minas Gerais (Brazil) bearing rot symptoms. These had large necrotic areas with a grayish epidermis and slightly sunken tissue. Internally, the fibrous parts were necrosed, darkened, and unmarketable. Isolations by surface sterilization of necrotic tissue with 10% bleach and plating onto potato dextrose agar yielded colonies with consistent morphology. A representative culture was deposited in the culture collection of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) as COAD1119. Inoculations of seven healthy-appearing L. cylindrica fruits were performed with culture disks obtained from 4-day-old cultures grown on PDA, which were placed onto two points on the epidermis of each of seven fruits. Each point was either intact or previously injured with a sterile needle. Controls consisted of two fruits treated equally but with tap water agar disks in place of fungal inoculum. Fruits were then placed on trays with water-soaked cotton and the trays were wrapped in plastic bags and left over a bench at room temperature for 2 days. The plastic bags were then removed. After 5 days, necrosis was evident and fungal fruit bodies appeared at points with injury. No symptoms appeared on controls. Isolation from diseased tissue yielded colonies identical to those of the inoculated fungus. A dried sample was deposited in the local herbarium at UFV (VIC 32053). Slides were mounted in lactophenol and observed. The fungus had subepidermal perithecia, globose to subglobose, from 75.5 to 134 μm diam.; asci bitunicate, cylindrical, 8-spored; pseudoparaphyses filiform; ascospores fusoid to ellipsoidal, from 26 to 45 μm long and 8 to 11.5 μm wide, one septate, and hyaline. This morphology is consistent with Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (syn. Didymella bryoniae) (3), a broad spectrum pathogen of cucurbits. Genomic DNA was extracted from the isolate growing in pure culture and ITS and LSU sequences were generated and deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers KC582022 and KC582021, respectively. Sequences were compared in BLASTn with other entries in GenBank, and the closest match for each region were S. cucurbitacearum strain CAP14C and D. bryoniae strain CBS 133.96 (JQ936326 and GU456335) with 100% of nucleotide homology for ITS and 100% of nucleotide homology for LSU. Cercospora citrullina and C. cucurbitae have been reported in Brazil on L. cylindrica and mistakenly indicated as synonyms of D. bryoniae (2). To our knowledge, this is the first valid report of S. cucurbitacearum causing fruit rot of loofah in Brazil and the first time pathogenicity to this host has been demonstrated. Losses due to the disease on the crop were reported to be high by growers and management to be difficult since there are no fungicides registered for this crop in Brazil.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-strand RNA virus composed of at least 10 genotypes and dozens of subtypes. Six major genotypes can be distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the amplified 5' noncoding region (NCR) of the genome. The genotypes are unequally distributed throughout the world. Types 1 and 3 are most common in Europe and the United States. Although fewer studies have been performed in Brazil, the pattern seems to mirror that in the other areas. HCV infection is highly prevalent among hemophiliacs and is a major cause of chronic liver disease. This study investigated a sample of the hemophiliac population in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, by RFLP analysis of the 5' NCR. It was observed that 84.1 percent were of genotype 1 and 13.6 percent of genotype 3. Sequence analysis of nine isolates confirmed the RFLP results and determined that all of the type 1 isolates belonged to subtype 1a. Phylogenetic analysis by parsimony and distance revealed that lineages of genotypes 1, 2, and 3, and 4 could be separated. The isolates of type 3 from this study were distinct from published sequences, which possibly indicated their different geographical origin. Although the frequency of genotypes observed (types 1 and 3) among hemophiliacs in the state of Minas Gerais was higher than that in the southern part of the country, these frequencies were not different from those in other groups of patients in Brazil and other countries studied. Further investigation is needed of the evidence that the type 3 isolates observed in these studies are significantly different from other isolates previously characterized by sequence analysis.

Germination and initial growth of two jabuticaba species in function of seed size. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of seed size in the germination and the initial growth of 'Jabuticaba Sabara' (P. jabuticaba (Vell.) Berg), and 'Jabuticaba de Cabinho' (P. peruviana var. Trunciflora). The work was carried out in a green house at the Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV), state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The seeds used were extracted and later classified in three classes according to size: > 8mm, 6 - 8 mm and 8 mm and 6 - 8 mm).

The objective of this article was to analyze the process of implementation of the project Ressoa na Mata: Redes de Economia Solidaria e Agroecologia na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais (Resonating in the Jungle: Solidarity based economy and agroecological networks in the Zona da Mata in Minas Gerais) in the state of Minas Gerais (December 2017 to January 2019), by the extension program Incubadora Tecnologica de Cooperativas Populares da Universidade Federal de Vicosa (ITCP-UFV) (Technology incubator of popular Cooperatives of the Federal University of Vicosa). The research methods used included observation of the activities developed and analyses of reports and minutes of meetings with participants. From the data collection based on these two procedures, we elaborated a synthesis with the main actions of the project, analyzing its implementation using an agroecological approach. Finally, we listed the main lessons learned from the experience, seeking to contribute to the reflection on the incubation of networks in the solidarity based economy.

In vitro interference of pesticides and ideal conditions for papaya (Carica papaya L.) pollen tube germination and growth. This work aimed to study in vitro interference of pesticides and ideal conditions for the germination and growth of papaya (Carica papaya L.) pollen tube. Four experiments were carried out in the Universidade Federal de Vicosa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from March 1995 to March 1997. The largest pollen grain germination was obtained with pollen collection at the anthesis, with culture media contents of: agar 1%, sucrose 8% and 2.4-D 0.002%. Methamidophos, dimethoate, methyl thiophanate, benomyl, and permethrin did not present toxicity to the pollen grains. Pirimicarb, abamectin, and the spreader-sticker nonil fenoxi poli (etilenoxi) ethanol reduced the germination of the pollen grains. Sulfur reduced germination and pollen tube length. Chlorothalonil, dicofol, mancozeb, naled, captan, and copper oxychloride inhibited completely the pollen grain germination.

Actinidia arguta is commercially grown in New Zealand and few other countries; the fruit are sometimes sold as kiwiberry or hardy kiwi. In New Zealand, two biovars of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae have recently been found to cause bacterial canker on both A. chinensis and A. deliciosa, which produce the yellow and green fleshed kiwifruit, respectively (4). In November 2011, in a commercial orchard in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, A. arguta 'Tahi' and 'Rua' showed small angular necrotic leaf spots. About 50% of the vines randomly located throughout the orchard showed symptoms. Canker or shoot dieback were not detected on any of the infected plants. Four strains, labeled 13093 to 13096, were isolated onto King's B medium (KB) from leaves selected from four different plants showing symptoms. These four strains were gram-negative, induced a hypersensitive reaction when infiltrated in tobacco plants, lacked cytochrome c oxidase, arginine dehydrolase, and urease activity, and were unable to hydrolyze esculin, starch, and gelatine, and to induce ice nucleation. When plated on KB, these strains showed the same weak fluorescence associated with some strains of P. syringae pv. actinidiae (4). All these characteristics support identification of the strains as P. syringae pv. actinidiae. Using P. syringae pv. actinidiae-specific primers PsaF1/R2 (2), the expected 280-bp fragment was amplified by PCR from genomic DNA extracted from the four strains. The four amplicons were sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. KF206138 to 41) and found to be 100% identical to each other and to the corresponding DNA fragment of the pathotype strain, ICMP 9617 (AY342165). A similar conclusion was reached using the duplex PCR targeting the ompP1 and the avrD genes (1); two amplicons of 492 and 226 bp were obtained with each of the four strains as expected for P. syringae pv. actinidiae. The DNA sequence of the 492-bp amplicon (KF206134 to 37) was 100% identical to that of strains of P. syringae pv. actinidiae, such as Psa 10627 (JQ934475.1). Strain 13094 isolated from A. arguta and pathotype strain ICMP 9617 were sprayed at a concentration of 3 × 109 cfu/ml on to the undersides of leaves of three 6- to 8-week-old seedlings of A. chinensis'Hort16A' and three similar seedlings of A. deliciosa 'Bruno.' Those are the conditions under which the pathogenicity of strains of P. syringae pv. actinidiae is usually evaluated (4). After 2 weeks of incubation, small necrotic angular spots were observed on all plants inoculated with 13094 or ICMP 9617 but not on the water-treated control plants. The bacteria isolated from those necrotic spots had the same morphological characteristics on KB as P. syringae pv. actinidiae and gave a 280-bp amplicon after PCR with the PsaF1/R2 primers. Leaves of two rooted cuttings of A. arguta'Tahi' were spray inoculated with strain 13094 at a concentration of 2.7 × 109 cfu/ml or with water. Necrotic spots developed on leaves 1 week after inoculation. No spots developed on the water-treated plants. The bacteria isolated from those necrotic spots had the same morphological characteristics on KB as P. syringae pv. actinidiae and gave a 280-bp amplicon after PCR with the PsaF1/R2 primers. Isolation of P. syringae pv. actinidiae from A. arguta has been reported only once before (3). This is this is the first report of P. syringae pv. actinidiae being isolated from A. arguta vines in New Zealand. This limited outbreak did not lead to any loss of production and since then only very few symptoms have been observed in this particular orchard.

Accurate determination of the effective reproduction number (Rt) is a very important strategy in the epidemiology of contagious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study compares different methods of estimating the Rt of susceptible population to identify the most accurate method for estimating Rt. A secondary study. The value of Rt was estimated using attack rate (AR), exponential growth (EG), maximum likelihood (ML), time-dependent (TD), and sequential Bayesian (SB) methods, for Iran, the United States, the United Kingdom, India, and Brazil from June to October 2021. In order to accurately compare these methods, a simulation study was designed using forty scenarios. The lowest mean square error (MSE) was observed for TD and ML methods, with 15 and 12 cases, respectively. Therefore, considering the estimated values of Rt based on the TD method, it was found that Rt values in the United Kingdom (1.33; 95% CI: 1.14-1.52) and the United States (1.25; 95% CI: 1.12-1.38) substantially have been more than those in other countries, such as Iran (1.07; 95% CI: 0.95-1.19), India (0.99; 95% CI: 0.89-1.08), and Brazil (0.98; 95% CI: 0.84-1.14) from June to October 2021. The important result of this study is that TD and ML methods lead to a more accurate estimation of Rt of population than other methods. Therefore, in order to monitor and determine the epidemic situation and have a more accurate prediction of the incidence rate, as well as control COVID-19 and similar diseases, the use of these two methods is suggested to more accurately estimate Rt.

Use of plant extracts in the control of common bean anthracnose

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the causal agent of anthracnose in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), presents a wide genetic and pathogenic variability that gives rise to complications in the development of resistant bean cultivars. The aim of this study was to identify the variability within race 65 of C. lindemuthianum, the race most commonly encountered in Brazil, through randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and anastomosis analyses. Thirteen isolates of race 65, collected in different years and from various host cultivars located in diverse areas of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were investigated. Twenty-four RAPD primers were employed and 83 polymorphic bands amplified. Genetic similarities were estimated from the Sorensen-Dice coefficient and ranged from 0.54 to 0.82. The dendrogram obtained by cluster analysis classified the isolates into 11 separate groups. For the purposes of the analysis of anastomosis, isolates were considered to be compatible when the fusion of hyphae from different isolates could be observed. The proportion of compatible reactions for each isolate was estimated and similarity estimates, based on the Russel & Rao coefficient, ranged from 0.28 to 0.85. Isolates were classified into 11 anastomosis groups, 10 of which were formed by only one isolate. Although isolates LV61, LV73 and LV58 were classified in the same anastomosis group, they were genetically distinct according to RAPD analysis. Results from both RAPD and anastomosis analyses revealed great variability within C. lindemuthianum race 65.

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, causal agent of anthracnose in the common bean, has wide genetic variability. Differential bean cultivars and morphological and physiological characteristics were used to analyze 74 isolates of C. lindemuthianum collected in two counties in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Six different races were found, with a predominance of race 65 at both locations. Isolates were classified according to their sensitivities to the fungicide thiophanate-methyl, normally used in the control of common bean anthracnose. In all, ≈10% of isolates were resistant to the fungicide in vitro. Characteristics such as indexes of mycelia growth rate, colony diameter, sporulation capacity, and percentage of germination demonstrated the high genetic variability of C. lindemuthianum. We also observed variation in conidial cytology. The conidia of most isolates showed septa formation after germination, in contrast to septa absence, previously reported in the literature. Sexual and asexual reproduction were evaluated for mechanisms that may contribute in the generation of variability in C. lindemuthianum. Conidial anastomosis tubes were commonly found, indicating that asexual reproduction can help increase variability in this species. Information from this study confirmed high variability in C. lindemuthianum and will guide future studies in basic knowledge and applied technologies.

Mulberry trees (Morus L.) are economically crucial crops in China, highly valued for their roles in silk production, livestock feeding, and as sources of food and medicinal products. From 2021 to 2023, leaf spot symptoms emerged in mulberry orchard in Qiandao Lake Town, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (29.61° N, 118.91° E). A survey of 60 trees over 200 m2 area revealed 45% of the foliage was infected with leaf spot disease, significantly reducing leaf quality. Infection typically began at the leaf tips or edges, initially as small dark brown spots (0.6 to 1.4 mm) that expanded into irregular lesions with grayish white centers and brown margins (2.5 to 3.6 mm). The infected leaves eventually wither and decay, and in severe cases, they may drop. Twelve freshly infected leaves from ten different mulberry trees were collected, cut into 5 × 5 mm sections, disinfected with 75% ethanol for 45 s and 0.5% NaClO for 2 min, rinsed three times with sterile water, the sections were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28°C in the dark for 5 days. Six morphologically similar isolates were obtained by transferring hyphal tips to pure cultures. After 7 days on PDA, colonies were dense with white cottony aerial mycelia and light gray-black hyphae. The average mycelial growth rate was 8.2 mm/day, ranging from 5.8 to 11.2 mm/day. Conidia were cylindrical, hyaline, aseptate, with rounded ends and an inconspicuous hilum, measuring 12.4 to 16.4 × 3.6 to 6.8 μm. The appressoria were brown to dark brown, nearly ovoid to cylindrical, and slightly irregular, measuring 6.32 to 13.65 ×5.25 to 7.68 µm. These features were consistent with the description of Colletotrichum spp. (Fuentes-Aragón et al. 2018). Genomic DNA was extracted, and the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and β- tubulin 2 (TUB2) genes were amplified using the primers ITS1/ITS4, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, CHS-79F/CHS-345R, GDF/GDR, T1/Bt2b (Weir et al. 2012). The sequences were submitted to GenBank with accession numbers ON042364.1 (ITS), PQ567195 (ACT), PQ56196 (CHS1), PQ567197 (GAPDH), and PQ567198 (TUB2). BLASTN analysis revealed high similarity to Colletotrichum fructicola strain ICMP 18581, with sequence identities of 99.62% (ITS), 96.20% (ACT), 98.89% (CHS1), 98.79% (GAPDH), and 99.56% (TUB2) (Weir et al., 2012). A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Bayesian inference (BI) method in MrBayes v.3.2.7 based on concatenated sequences of five genes (ITS-ACT-CHS1-GAPDH-TUB2). Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were identified as C. fructicola. To confirm pathogenicity, ten 6-month-old potted plants were used for inoculation with each representative isolate. Tested plants were sprayed with 5 ml of a conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml), and the controls plants were sprayed with sterile water. All the plants were incubated in a growth chamber at 25 ± 2°C with 85% relative humidity. After 15 days, typical lesions like those observed on the field plants appeared on all inoculated plants, while the control remained healthy. The same fungal pathogen was reisolated and the identity was confirmed by morphological characterization and molecular analysis, confirming Koch's postulates. The pathogen has been reported as the causal agent of anthracnose on a wide range of plant hosts worldwide (Dos Santos et al. 2023; Ma et al. 2023). To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose on morus caused by C. fructicola in Zhejiang, China.

There are more than 300 blackberry (Rubus) species worldwide. Rubus brasiliensis Mart. is a native Brazilian species found in tropical forests. In January 2009, samples of R. brasiliensis with severe leaf blight were collected from an area of rain forest in the city of São Miguel do Anta, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Dark spots began developing in the young leaves and progressed to necrotic spots with occasional twig dieback. From the spots, a fungus was isolated with the following morphology: acervuli that were 20 to 50.0 × 50 to 125.0 μm and hyaline amerospores that were ellipsoid and fusiform and 7.5 to 23.75 × 2.5 to 5.0 μm. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum. In Brazil, C. acutatum is reported in apple, citrus, strawberry, peach, plum, nectarine, olive, medlar, and yerba-mate, but it was not reported as the causal agent of leaf blight in R. brasiliensis. A sample was deposited in the herbarium at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil (VIC 31210). One representative isolate, OLP 571, was used for pathogenicity testing and molecular studies. Identity was confirmed by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal RNA with primers ITS4 (3), CaInt2 (a specific primer for C. acutatum [2]) and CgInt (a specific primer for C. gloeosporioides [1]). Isolates of C. acutatum (DAR78874 and DAR78876) and C. gloeosporioides (DAR78875) obtained from Australian olive trees were used as positive controls. The primers ITS4 and CaInt2 amplified a single DNA product of 500 bp expected for C. acutatum. OLP 571 was grown for 7 days on potato dextrose agar. Young leaves of R. brasiliensis were inoculated with a conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml) on young leaves. Inoculated plants were maintained in a moist chamber for 2 days and subsequently in a greenhouse at 25°C. Necrotic spots similar to those described were detected on young leaves 3 days after the inoculation. Control leaves, on which only water was sprayed, remained healthy. The same fungus was reisolated from the inoculated symptomatic tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. acutatum causing leaf blight in the native species of R. brasiliensis in Brazil.

Mexico is a major avocado (Persea americana) producer in the world. Glomerella cingulata (anamorph Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) has been reported as a causal agent of anthracnose on avocado fruits worldwide (3), while G. acutata (anamorph Colletotrichum acutatum) has been identified as the cause of this disease only in New Zealand (2) and Australia (4). This study was done with the objective to determine the Glomerella spp. involved as the causal agents of avocado anthracnose in Mexico. From 2003 to 2006, avocado fruits cv. Hass with anthracnose symptoms appearing as brown-black lesions on the pericarp and soft rot in the mesocarp were collected in 10 counties in Michoacan, the leading avocado-producing Mexican state. Glomerella spp. were isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for molecular and morphological identification. A phylogenetic analysis was done by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA for 28 of the isolates. Primers ITS5/NL4 was used and successfully amplified bands of approximately 1,000 bp. Each sequence corresponding to Glomerella spp. was compared with sequences deposited in the GenBank database using BLAST. The results from molecular approach indicated 86% of the isolates used in this study were G. cingulata and 14% were G. acutata. Sequences of both species were deposited in GenBank under Accession Nos. EF221828, EF221829, and EF221830 for G. cingulata and EF175780, EF221831, and EF221832 for G. acutata. Colonies of G. acutata that developed on PDA medium were pale gray, occasionally the lower surface was olive green, and the center was covered with orange-to-salmon pink masses of conidia and perithecia. Conidia grown in the same media were straight, fusiform, 8.2 to 16.5 μm long, and 2.7 to 4.0 μm wide (4). Pathogenicity tests of G. acutata were carried out by inoculating six healthy cv. Hass fruits (1) at three evenly spaced locations on the fruit surface with a needle dipped in a conidial mass from a 3-day-old monoconidial culture of G. acutata. Fruits were then incubated in a moist chamber for 3 days. Anthracnose symptoms were observed on healthy fruits inoculated with G. acutata, while control fruits inoculated with sterile water did not develop symptoms. The fungi were reisolated successfully to confirm the pathogen's identity using morphological key. To our knowledge, this is the first report of G. acutata causing anthracnose on avocado fruits in Mexico.