Abstract
Background and Aim: Pregnancy is a period vulnerable to environmental exposures like air pollution that disrupt immune regulation or induce inflammatory responses. Methods: Participants were 148 mother–child pairs from MARBLES (Markers of Autism Risk in Babies – Learning Early Signs), a high familial risk ASD cohort. Self-reported maternal address history was obtained for the entire pregnancy period and the 3 months prior to pregnancy. Daily PM2.5 (particulate matter < 2.5 µm in diameter) exposure values were spatially interpolated from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Air Quality System (AQS) monitoring stations’ locations to the residence locations using inverse distance-squared weighting. Trimester-specific PM2.5 averages were assigned. Maternal plasma samples from each trimester were quantified for 29 cytokines and chemokines using Luminex multiplex analysis technology. Cytokines and chemokines were natural log transformed and standardized. Betas and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for an interquartile range (IQR) change in PM2.5 were estimated using confounder-adjusted linear regression. Results: Pre-pregnancy PM2.5 was associated with a statistically significant increase in first trimester IL-8, IL-1
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