Abstract

Implicit assumptions for most mark-recapture studies are that individuals do not lose their markers and all observed markers are correctly recorded. If these assumptions are violated, e.g., due to loss or extreme wear of markers, estimates of population size and vital rates will be biased. Double-marking experiments have been widely used to estimate rates of marker loss and adjust for associated bias, and we extended this approach to estimate rates of recording errors. We double-marked 309 Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) with unique combinations of color bands and alphanumeric flags and used multi-state mark recapture models to estimate the frequency with which plovers were misidentified. Observers were twice as likely to read and report an invalid color-band combination (2.4% of the time) as an invalid alphanumeric code (1.0%). Observers failed to read matching band combinations or alphanumeric flag codes 4.5% of the time. Unlike previous band resighting studies, use of two resightable markers allowed us to identify when resighting errors resulted in reports of combinations or codes that were valid, but still incorrect; our results suggest this may be a largely unappreciated problem in mark-resight studies. Field-readable alphanumeric flags offer a promising auxiliary marker for identifying and potentially adjusting for false-positive resighting errors that may otherwise bias demographic estimates. RESUMEN Banderas alfanumericas legibles a campo son valiosas marcas para aves costeras: el uso de marcado doble para identificar casos de mala identificacion Los supuestos implicitos en los estudios de recaptura son que los individuos no pierden las marcas y que todas las marcas observadas han sido registradas correctamente. Si estos supuestos son violados, e. g., debido a la perdida o al desgaste extremo de los marcas, los estimadores de tamano de poblacion y de tasas de vida seran sesgados. Experimentos con marcado doble han sido ampliamente utilizados para estimar la tasa de perdida de marcas y ajustar por el sesgo asociado, y nosotros hemos extendido este metodo a estimar la tasa de errores de registro de las mismas. Marcamos de manera doble a 309 Playeros Melodicos (Charadrius melodus) con una unica combinacion de bandas de color y banderas alfa numericas y usamos modelos de recaptura multi estado para estimar la frecuencia en que los playeros fueron mal identificados. Los observadores tienen el doble de probabilidad de leer y reportar una combinacion de bandas de color invalida (2.4% del tiempo) que un codigo alfanumerico invalido (1.0%). Los observadores fallaron en leer combinaciones de bandas de color o de banderas de codigos alfanumericos 4.5% del tiempo. A diferencia de estudios previos de recaptura por observacion de bandas, el uso de dos marcas nos permitio identificar cuando los errores de observacion resultaban en reportes de combinaciones o codigos que eran validos, pero incorrectos; nuestros resultados sugieren que este puede ser un problema subestimado en los estudios de recaptura visual de marcas. Las banderas alfanumericas legibles a campo ofrecen un marcador auxiliar promisorio para identificar y potencialmente ajustar por falso positivo los errores de recaptura visual que de otra forma sesgarian los estimadores demograficos.

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