Abstract
In this work, we review single mode SiO2 fiber Bragg grating techniques for dilatometry studies of small single-crystalline samples in the extreme environments of very high, continuous, and pulsed magnetic fields of up to 150 T and at cryogenic temperatures down to <1 K. Distinct millimeter-long materials are measured as part of the technique development, including metallic, insulating, and radioactive compounds. Experimental strategies are discussed for the observation and analysis of the related thermal expansion and magnetostriction of materials, which can achieve a strain sensitivity (ΔL/L) as low as a few parts in one hundred million (≈10−8). The impact of experimental artifacts, such as those originating in the temperature dependence of the fiber’s index of diffraction, light polarization rotation in magnetic fields, and reduced strain transfer from millimeter-long specimens, is analyzed quantitatively using analytic models available in the literature. We compare the experimental results with model predictions in the small-sample limit, and discuss the uncovered discrepancies.
Highlights
Bragg gratings are inscribed over a length of an optical fiber, normally tuned to reflect a particular wavelength of infrared light used in telecommunication
We discuss some representative examples in the following
With a gapped ground state,state, are are excellent test beds forcurrent our current understanding of magnetism
Summary
Bragg gratings are inscribed over a length of an optical fiber, normally tuned to reflect a particular wavelength of infrared light used in telecommunication. The Bragg-reflected wavelength monitors the spacing of the grating, and provides a measure of strain along the length. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are well suited for sensing applications and have been used to measure dilation, temperature, pressure, gas (moisture) absorption/diffusion, among other properties [1,2,3,4,5]. Dilatometry techniques belong to the basic set of experimental probes present in materials science laboratories. These techniques are used alongside other fundamental magnetic, electric, and thermal capabilities to identify states of matter, to detect classical and quantum phase transitions between different ground states, and to understand the characteristics and nature of such transitions and transformations
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