Abstract
This paper aims to provide information on rammed earth and masonry mortars of the Fernandina defensive Wall of Lisbon, Portugal, which was built in the second half of the 14th century. No previous information exists concerning the materials and construction techniques used in this defensive structure, which is essential to increase knowledge and to define requirements for a reliable conservation. An experimental campaign was carried out on samples extracted in nine different sections of this structure, which were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and wet chemical analysis. Calcitic lime was employed as a binder in the stone masonry bedding mortars and was also identified in the rammed earth samples. The results obtained allowed us to verify the use of different binders and aggregates, with heterogeneous binder/aggregate ratios, in different sections of the Wall. To reduce time for lime preparation and to achieve a durable lime matrix, most probably quicklime was used and hydrated together with the moistened earth to produce rammed earth and masonry bedding mortars.
Highlights
The construction of the Fernandina Wall in Lisbon dates back to the second half of the 14th century [1,2]
The layout of the Fernandina Wall developed in line with the dense growth seen in various surrounding areas of Lisbon, in the 14th century
The quartz and feldspar ratio is quite variable among the different case studies analyzed, which is an indication of the use of different sand pits
Summary
The construction of the Fernandina Wall in Lisbon dates back to the second half of the 14th century [1,2]. The layout of the Fernandina Wall developed in line with the dense growth seen in various surrounding areas of Lisbon, in the 14th century. The Wall can, be divided into four main sections: the Eastern Section, the Western Section and two Marginal or Fluvial Sections, having a total extension of 4.69 km (Figure 1). These main sections delineated two large pockets which enclosed the city’s existing old walls—namely, the Moorish Wall of Lisbon (which formed the central pocket) and the walls of Saint Jorge
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