Abstract
An individual’s expectations for the value of farmland are a manifestation of his or her awareness of farmland rights and interests. Differences between male and female farmers in their use of farmland, employment, education, and rights protection may ultimately lead to differences in the evaluation of land value between the two groups. Clarifying such gender differences in the valuation of farmland and the reasons for them is of great significance for the formulation of policies and scientific research in areas such as the protection of rural women’s rights, nonagricultural employment, and land transfer. In the context of the global “feminization of agriculture”, we start with individuals’ psychological expectations for the value of farmland. We use data on farmland from the 2015 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) and estimate an OLS regression model. The moderating effects model identifies the impact of gender differences on such expectations and the underlying mechanism. We find that (1) rural female farmers’ psychological expectations for the value of farmland are much lower than those of males due to their disadvantages in receiving information through policy publicization and their greater willingness to transfer into nonagricultural employment, and (2), according to the heterogeneity analysis, better educated female farmers and those living in areas with greater economic and social development expect farmland to be more valuable. These conclusions show that female farmers are currently less aware of their economic rights in rural China than male farmers, and that education, policy propaganda, and economic and social underdevelopment hinder their awareness of women’s rights. We propose policy suggestions to ensure women’s educational rights, promote the adjustment of the industrial structure and of policy propaganda, and balance regional economic and social development.
Highlights
Introduction published maps and institutional affilSince Pierce proposed the concept of the “feminization of poverty” in 1978, and as the proportion of women engaged in agricultural production and management has continued to increase, the “feminization of agriculture” has gradually become more frequently emphasized and discussed by researchers [1,2,3]
To further understand the heterogeneity in the expectations for the value of farmland among female farmers, we focus on individual educational attainment, financial and economic knowledge, willingness to engage in business, perceptions of social security, party membership, head-of-household status, work experience in other provinces, the number of elderly family members, and the economic region in which they are located
Based on data for 5245 rural households in China, this study focuses on the analysis of gender differences in expectations of farmland value and the main factors leading to such differences
Summary
Introduction published maps and institutional affilSince Pierce proposed the concept of the “feminization of poverty” in 1978, and as the proportion of women engaged in agricultural production and management has continued to increase, the “feminization of agriculture” has gradually become more frequently emphasized and discussed by researchers [1,2,3]. The feminization of agriculture is a salient feature of agricultural management as traditional agricultural societies transform into modern industrial societies and is an important social and economic phenomenon in the early and middle stages of urbanization. This feminization has become a global phenomenon [2]. This phenomenon is widespread in today’s developing countries, such as China, Nepal, India, Bangladesh, most countries and regions in Latin America, and those African countries that are still dominated by agriculture. Three aspects of this phenomenon—its meaning, characteristics, and practical effects—have received extensive attention from researchers [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. iations.
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