FEM Simulation of Ballistic Impacts on Pompeii Walls for the Reconstruction of Roman Throwers War Machine

In today’s technology, in case of the need for rehabilitation, renovation, or damage, it is necessary to recover the problems quickly with a cost-effective approach. In the case of destructive failure, or misdesign of the devices, replacing the problematic part with the new design is crucial. In order to substitute the related part with the efficient one, reverse engineering (RE) methodology is utilized. In this paper, from the perspective of engineering implementation and based on the idea of reverse engineering, axial wind tunnel fan is rehabilitated using numerical and experimental methods. The current study is focused on an axial pressurization fan placed into Cankaya University Mechanical Engineering Laboratory wind tunnel that has firm guaranteed specifications of 5.55 m3/s airflow capacity. The measurements performed during experiments showed that the fan provides less than 60% airflow compared with firm guaranteed specifications. In order to determine the problems of the existing fan, a reverse engineering methodology is developed, and the noncontact data acquisition method is used to form a computer aided drawing (CAD) model. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology is developed to analyze existing geometry numerically, and results are compared with an experimental study to verify numerical methodology. According to the results, the prediction accuracy of the numerical method can attain 92.95% and 96.38% for flowrate and efficiency, respectively, at the maximum error points.

Purpose – In the present paper, a CAD and reverse engineering (RE) methodology has been adopted for the development of a complex assembly of a TFC 280 crane cabin. A different approach has been adopted to eliminate fouling as well as interference with other components of the crane such as boom, gantry, front drum, rear drum, etc. with its cabin. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A dummy 3-D CAD model of the assemblies has been made using assembly constraints of Master Assembly and then checked for fouling and interference using IDEAS NX 12 to validate cabin design. In fabrication industries, one of the critical challenges is to maintain close geometric tolerances in finished products, which have been taken care of by the use of accurate value of K-factor. Findings – Ergonomics of the re-engineered crane cabin has also been improved by providing rear vision and improvement in operator's forward visibility from 165° to 180°. Originality/value – The work has been carried out using RE methodology un-used in this part of the world (Jamshedpur, India).

This study explores the combination of reverse engineering (RE) and new product development (NPD) methodologies to enhance the manufacturing process of headlamp jigs. RE, utilised as a benchmarking technique, aids in regenerating parametric designs or innovating new product concepts. The distinctive appearance relies on headlamps with protective coatings cured at high temperatures in UV ovens, necessitating jigs capable of withstanding such conditions. Hence, employing RE becomes crucial to fortifying jig performance. While RE often signifies innovation or refinement, the current headlamp jig encounters deformation issues during manufacturing due to high curing oven temperatures and intense water jet cleaning pressures. The absence of an effective NPD approach exacerbates persistent jig deformation challenges. NPD, encompassing stages like idea generation, concept development, design, testing, and marketing, is crucial. The absence of NPD, along with the complexity of RE, could prolong timelines and escalate expenses in bringing marketable products to fruition. This study aims to propose an NPD model for headlamp jigs, leveraging RE methodologies to enhance composite jig fabrication processes. The integration of PDCA methodologies within NPD intends to rectify deformation issues while optimizing manufacturing processes for superior headlamp jigs.

A reverse engineering methodology for nickel alloy turbine blades with internal features

The scope of this work is to present a reverse engineering (RE) methodology to achieve accurate polygon models for 3D printing or additive manufacturing (AM) applications, as well as NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines) surfaces for advanced machining processes. The accuracy of the 3D models generated by this RE process depends on the data acquisition system, the scanning conditions and the data processing techniques. To carry out this study, workpieces of different material and geometry were selected, using X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) and a Laser Scanner (LS) as data acquisition systems for scanning purposes. Once this is done, this work focuses on the data processing step in order to assess the accuracy of applying different processing techniques. Special attention is given to the XRCT data processing step. For that reason, the models generated from the LS point clouds processing step were utilized as a reference to perform the deviation analysis. Nonetheless, the proposed methodology could be applied for both data inputs: 2D cross-sectional images and point clouds. Finally, the target outputs of this data processing chain were evaluated due to their own reverse engineering applications, highlighting the promising future of the proposed methodology.

Modeling of materials behavior in finite element analysis and simulation of machining processes

Objective To analyze the stress distributions under static loading and impact simulation in the process of tibial plateau fracture using finite element analysis, providing evidence for individualized diagnosis and treatment of tibial plateau fracture. Methods A healthy male volunteer was recruited. A 3D finite element model of a whole knee joint with ligaments, menisci and articular surfaces was generated using CT, MRI and 3D finite element software. The knee joint model was given the nature and parameters after reconstruction. According to the features of tibial plateau fracture, different operating conditions were designed. The stress distributions under static loading and impact simulation in the process of tibial plateau fracture were characterized by finite element analysis. Results Under static loads on the lateral condyle of the tibia, the stress was mainly concentrated on the front edge of the tibial plateau, especially the lateral stress. The stress on the medial condyle of the tibia was significantly increased, and the medial stress extended downwards to the tibial shaft. When the vertical stress moved towards outside, it extended from both sides of the internal and external condyles downwards to the tibia, and the value of lateral platform stress was slightly larger than that on the inside. In collisions, the stresses distributed on the neutral position were the same with the static loads. The stress on the medial condyle of the tibia was significantly increased, extending downwards the tibial shaft when it fell to the inside slope. When it fell to the outside slope, the stress on the tibial plateau was mainly distributed on most of the front edges of lateral and medial platforms, and the stress distributed on the fibula increased obviously. Conclusions The medial tibial plateau plays a major role in bearing stress loads. The stress is more concentrated on the lateral platform but distributed on a larger area of the medial platform, extending downwards the metaphysis. Therefore, small split fractures are likely to occur on the outer edge of the platform while fractures of a large fragment are likely to occur on the medial platform, even involving the metaphysis. Key words: Knee joint; Tibial fractures; Finite element analysis; Static load; Collision

A robust computational constitutive model has been developed to characterize the progressive failure behavior of composite laminates under blast and ballistic impact conditions. In this study, the capacity of the progressive failure model integrated within LS-DYNA has been evaluated by performing simulations of blast and ballistic impact composite panels. Correlation results indicated that the current composite model can be used to quantify the composite ballistic impact and blast damage behavior with reasonable accuracy. The present composite material model can provide insight into the damage development and progression that occurs during the ballistic impact or blast loading of lightweight composite armor. The availability of this design tool will greatly facilitate the development of composite structures with enhanced ballistic survivability.

Recent research studying the deformation of various metals in compression, while running an electric current through the material, has been quite promising. A problem occurs when trying to identify the specific mechanisms that cause the changes in the mechanical properties, however, since the flow of electricity produces resistive heating, which also affects the mechanical properties of metals. However, previous research has proven that not all of the effects on the properties can be explained through resistive heating, implying that the electron flow through the metal also causes changes to the mechanical properties. Therefore, this work develops a model capable of differentiating between the effects of resistive heating and the effects of the electron flow when deforming 6061-T6511 aluminum in compression. To accomplish this, a detailed finite element simulation has been developed using ANSYS® with two models in symbiosis. The first model predicts the temperature of the specimen and compression fixtures due to the applied electrical current. The resulting thermal data are then input into a deformation model to observe how the temperature change affects the deformation characteristics of the material. From this model, temperature profiles for the specimen are developed along with true stress versus strain plots. These theoretical data are then compared with experimentally determined data collected for 6061-T6511 aluminum in compression. By knowing the exact effects of resistive heating, as obtained through the finite element analysis (FEA) model, the effects of the electron flow are isolated by subtracting out the effects of resistive heating from the data obtained experimentally. Future work will use these results to develop a new material behavior model that will incorporate both the resistive and flow effects from the electricity.

An empirical model for bending capacity of defected pipe combined with axial load

The present study is a comparative analysis between the reference market product, Xarelto® 20 mg film-coated tablets, and a generic product developed using reverse engineering methodology, employing low-shear ethanolic granulation. The primary objective in formulating and optimizing this generic product was to attain a formulation that exhibits both physical and chemical stability, closely resembling the innovator or market reference drug product. Both reference and generic products were evaluated using FTIR, TGA, DSC, XRD, SEM, EDX/EDS, Raman mapping, Raman imaging and contact angle measurement studies and were compared. Similar characteristic peaks were observed in the IR spectra of the generic product (RX-LS [AH]) to that of the reference product. Similar crystallinity was detected between reference and generic products. The TG-DSC analysis confirmed the presence of a similar endothermic peak of the generic product to that of the reference product. SEM images showed the presence of deformed granules in both, generic and reference products due to the compression force during tablet production. The specific and major elements present in both samples were C, N, O, Na, Mg, S and Cl. The API and excipient distribution within the reference product and the generic product is closely similar confirmed through the Raman study. Test (θ = 17.3) and reference products (θ = 17.9) showed contact angles around 17 degrees, it indicates that both products have similar wettability capacity, in other words, similar solubility and dissolution behavior. The current study demonstrated the excellent similarity of generic Rivaroxaban 20 mg film-coated tablets with reference products. The exactly similar characteristics of generic products will definitely boost confidence of successful bioequivalence studies and reduce developmental cost and time as there is no a chance of product failure which will lead to redevelopment.

ABSTRACTThis work presents a study of a pre-Hispanic artifact based on a reverse engineering methodology, by which an object is reconstructed by computer-aided design to obtain information. The object of the study is the Siecha raft–a Muisca goldwork piece that disappeared in the nineteenth century and was reconstructed based on historical sources. The pouring process of the raft was studied by characterizing the metal flow within a mold, by using the analytical, experimental, and computational fluidity length parameter. After this, the flow was studied, by using estimated parameters from the previous three methods, in the reconstructed geometry of the raft. Pouring temperature, materials, and temperature of the mold, entrance velocity, and other parameters of the fabrication process were calculated. The results showed that the geometry of the raft could have been cast by gravity casting pouring process, with the calculated parameters.

Reverse engineering has an important role in product design and manufacturing. Reverse engineering represents a concept that generates required design data from existing components. It also describes the process in which product development goes in the reverse order comparing to the conventional product development process. That means that reverse engineering is using the existing product as the starting point rather than the conventional technical drawing. This paper gives a description of some postulates of Reverse Engineering for the mechanical design of the tool responsible for the bicycle inner tube assembly process. This tool, valve applicator, is obtaining proper valve positioning and application on the inner tube profile. The valve applicator must have the exact geometry of the valve—the valve must fit perfectly inside of its structure. How the valve is positioned and applied to the tube profile is essential for the proper and safe usage of the product. Since the technical documentation of the valves is not available the Reverse Engineering methodology must be applied.KeywordsReverse engineeringProduct developmentMechanical designInner tubeTool-valve applicator

This paper presents an innovative approach to Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) strategies, combining an economical simulation methodology with a reverse engineering approach. The study delves into the intricacies of CO2EOR, leveraging reverse engineering principles as a methodological cornerstone for devising comprehensive economic simulation models. By integrating reverse engineering, this analysis aims to uncover underlying mechanisms, refining the precision of economic assessments and fostering sustainable CO2 EOR strategies. This research endeavors to holistically integrate the economical simulation approach, reverse engineering methodologies, and considerations from CAPEX, OPEX, and utilization factors. This integration aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of CO2 EOR strategies, paving the way for optimized resource utilization, improved cost-efficiency, and sustainable technical and environmental practices within the realm of enhanced oil. The analysis also underscores the significance of basis calculations derived from utilization factors. By integrating utilization factors into the economic simulation models, the study aims to refine the accuracy of cost-benefit analyses and investment projections. These calculations, based on rigorous reverse engineering principles, provide insights into resource allocation, efficiency improvements, and overall economic feasibility in CO2 EOR endeavors. In conclusion, the integration of an economical simulation approach with reverse engineering methodologies, complemented by considerations from CAPEX, OPEX, and utilization factors, presents a holistic framework for refining CO2 EOR strategies. This approach aims to guide industry stakeholders in developing more informed and sustainable practices, aligning economic viability with environmental stewardship in CO2 utilization for enhanced oil recovery. The findings underscore the significance of a multifaceted approach, integrating diverse methodologies to address the complexities of CO2 EOR, thereby fostering a more sustainable energy landscape.

Finite element simulation of explosively-driven plate impact with application to explosive welding