Features of Quasi-Natural Ecosystems and Their Role in the Conservation of Biodiversity

Field protective forest plantings of the steppe zone of Ukraine are one of the most important links in the system of protective forest plantations on arable lands. The presence of well-functioning field protective forest belts is a fundamental condition for efficient agricultural production in the steppe regions of Ukraine. The paper presents the facts about the expediency of creating protective forest belts as an important measure to support the agricultural potential of the steppe zone of Ukraine. The current state of forest belts is analyzed and historical literature information on the creation and prospects of development of protective afforestation in the steppe of Ukraine is presented. The legal aspect of the mode of operation of field protective plantations is highlighted. Given the low forest cover of a large area of Ukraine, the difficult and ambiguous situation of afforestation of forest-deficient areas of the country, the creation of new and preservation of existing protective forest belts in the steppe zone of Ukraine is an extremely important task today. The problem of ensuring the effective functioning of field protective plantations in the conditions of ecological inconsistency of forest vegetation conditions for the existence of woody vegetation in Dnipropetrovsk region, in the zone of weeds-fescue-feathergrass steppes is acute. Against the background of a number of well-known indisputable facts about the positive impact of forest belts on the soil and climatic properties of steppe landscapes, the condition of most existing protective plantations today is unsatisfactory, and some of them – critical. Almost everywhere in Ukraine, in conditions of high plowed lands and the absence of forest strips or their neglected condition, there is a rapid destruction of the upper fertile layer of soil. This leads to soil degradation, reduced yields and causes great economic damage to the country. Mass uncontrolled logging, destruction of protective forest belts, their irrational use and lack of proper care are a critical problem of national scale and may soon turn into an environmental disaster. An acute modern problem in the existence and functioning of forest belts is the solution of the legal regime of field protective tree strips and the introduction of appropriate legislative state regulation. An equally painful problem for field protection strips today is the lack of reliable information about their real condition. Therefore, obtaining a general idea of the current state and dynamics of field protection strips is possible only if they conduct a detailed comprehensive study and conduct a thorough inventory. For successful planning and implementation of measures to increase the forest cover of forest-deficient regions with difficult forest vegetation conditions and create an effective system of protective forest belts should take into account the history and many years of experience in creating forest plantations in the steppe of Ukraine.

Ecological impact of phytoinvasions in Ukraine

The aim is to analyze the current state of protective forest belts of the Сentral Forest-Steppe for the possibility of their preservation, protection, restoration and further effective use. The research was conducted in Vinnytsia district of Vinnytsia region, located in the Сentral Forest-Steppe. The research program included a study of the network of protective forest belts of the study area in terms of their location relative to the world (main, auxiliary), structures (blown, openwork, dense), length, width, height, number of rows, species composition of primary, secondary, single trees and bushes and shrubs, the distance between trees in rows and in rows, the average girth of the tree trunk at a height of 1.3 m. A total of 22 protective forest belts were analyzed. Only 14% of all studied main protective forest belts and 50% of all studied auxiliary protective forest belts are blown by design, have the highest efficiency of positive impact on adjacent agro-ecosystems, and 57% of all studied main protective forest belts are dense and less effective in terms of impact. crops. The main studied field protective forest belts are located at a permissible distance from each other, and the auxiliary ones should be placed one by one, ie the fields should be divided into two along the border in the middle of the auxiliary forest field field. The width of all studied forest belts was not less than recommended. At the same time, 42% of the main protective forest belts had a width greater than the recommended one. The number of rows in the studied main field protective forest belts varied in the range of 3–8 rows. Among all studied main forest belts, four-row ones prevailed, which accounted for 30% of all main field protective forest belts. Auxiliary field protective forest belts by the number of rows were only 2, 3 and 5 rows. They were dominated by 5-row, which accounted for 50% of all ancillary protective forest belts. The main forest species of protective forest belts were common maple and common ash.

In 2020, waters and territories of the eastern part of Emerald Network object “Samarskyi Lis – UA0000212” were studied by biology specialists. The main purpose of the research was to identify rare species of plants and animals. We found species of flora and fauna protected by European Red List, Red Data Book of Ukraine, Additions to the Bern Convention and Regional Red Data Book. The list of plant species subjected to special protection contains 42 species, including Allium savranicum, Agropyron dasyanthum, and Jurinea cyanoides. It is noted that in the eastern part of the Emerald Network object “Samarskyi Lis ‒ UA0000212” the presence of other rare plant species is assumed (Senecio borysthenicus (D&c.) Andrz., Agropyron dasyanthum Ledeb, Viola lavrenkoana Klokov., Allium savranicum Besser). This matter requires monitoring in various phenological periods of the year. Concerning entomofauna in the eastern part of the Emerald Network object “Samarskyi Lis – UA0000212” it was found 7 species listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (2009): Lucanus cervus, Papilio machaon, Iphiclides podalirius, Zerunthia polyxena, Xylocopa valla, Scolіa maculata, Catocala sponsa, as well as 2 species of insects protected by the provisions of the Bern Convention ‒ Lucanus cervus, Lycaena dispar. The ichthyofauna of the eastern part of the Emerald Network object “Samarskyi Lis ‒ UA0000212” includes 4 species that are listed in the Bern Convention: Leucaspius delineatus, Rhodeus amarus, Cobitis taenia, Sykhorn abotter. Analysis of terrestrial vertebrates revealed the presence of 95 species to be protected. There are 5 species of amphibians (three of them are included in the International Red List – Lissotriton vulgaris, Hyla arborea, Bufo bufo), as well as 6 species of reptiles, among which one is protected by IUCN (Emys orbicularis), two species listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Coronella austriaca, Vipera renardi). 74 species of birds were found in the study area. Three of them (Coracias garrulus, Ciconia nigra and Buteo rufinus) are listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine. In the eastern part of the Emerald Network object “Samarskyi Lis ‒ UA0000212” there are 10 species of mammals, of which nine are protected by the provisions of the Bern Convention, and two species (Eptesicus serotinus, Nyctalus noctula) are listed in the Red Data Book Of Ukraine. It is proposed to conduct further monitoring studies in the eastern part of the Emerald Network “Samarskyi Lis ‒ UA00002122”

Growing anthropogenic pressure and changing climate conditions create new reality in which more and more native fauna species require our attention. That is the reason for scientists to compile Red Lists or Red Data Books on different levels. The main factors of negative impact on animals nowadays are as follows: destruction and/or transformation of natural ecosystems (habitats), illegal removal from nature, commercial overuse, natural disasters and climate change, as well as military actions. The Red Data Book of Ukraine includes 140 species of animals which appear in Lviv region. However, there are also other species within the region that deserve protection. The latest Lviv region list of rare species was approved in 2007 – two years before the publication of the third edition of Red Data Book of Ukraine, and is somewhat outdated. For more than 15 years the animal habitats have changed, and the list of species in the new edition of the Red Data Book of Ukraine (2021) has changed significantly. According to this, a new list of regionally rare animal species is objectively needed. Such a list has been compiled and is presented in the article. The main species criteria for being included into it are: vulnerability to the environmental changes, a sharp decline in the number of individuals or rapid population area shrinkage, low occurrence frequency within the region, relic origin, endemic or sub-endemic status, species on the edge of their distribution ranges or with the complex life cycles, etc. We believe that our knowledge about regionally rare species and their distribution can be one of the reasons for the establishing of new protected areas. This will help to preserve rare ecosystems in the structure of national ecological network and strengthen the conservation of species and coenotic diversity both in some separate territories or regions, and in Ukraine as a whole. After additional, detailed scientific research some of the regionally rare animal species will obviously be recommended to be included into the next edition of the Red Data Book of Ukraine. Thus, at least 106 animal species are proposed to became regionally protected in Lviv region. 64 of them are already under the protection of Bern Convention, 26 – under Bonn Convention, and 13 under the protection of Washington Convention.

Modern forest belts are a large, complex and important part of the biosphere. The unique biocenoses in which specific ornithocomplexes are formed which include birds of different ecological groups are and feed on synanthropic species, birds of the forest, birds of the fields. The aim of the research is to study the features of the formation of ornithocomplexes of different (maple-ash purge forest belts, mixed dense forest belts, acacia purge forest belts, maple-lime openwork forest belts) protective forest belts within the Kharkiv region. In the course of the research we have registered 44 species of birds belonging to 8 rows Falconiformes, Galliformes, Columbiformes, Cuculiformes, Upupiformes, Piciformes, Passeriformes, Ciconiiformes. The formation of ornithocomplexes of protective forest belts depends on various factors. Outstanding is the phytocoenotic composition of forest belts and age structure of plantations. Settling of birds in shelterbelts afforestation occurs gradually, with the growth of trees and change conditions of the biocenosis. The avifauna of maple-ash-tree scavenging forest belts is represented by 39 species of birds. Dominant and subdominant are: ficedula albicollis Temm., Fringilla coelebs L. In mixed shelterbelts purge nest 38 species of birds, is during foraging 2 types. Mixed dense forest belts inhabit 44 species of birds, biodiversity is associated with the floristic composition of the forest belt with significant density and well-formed undergrowth compared to other forest belts. Avifauna gorobinci purge belts are 26 species of birds. Ornithocomplex maple-lime fishnet shelterbelts are 41 species of birds. Analyzing the features of the formation of avifauna of forest belts, it can be argued that these biotopes are inhabited by birds of different ecological groups, biotopes, synanthropic species, birds of the forest, birds of the fields, are able to form unique biotopes. Therefore, field-protective forest plantations combined complex ecosystems. Analyzing the index of similarity of biodiversity of different types of forest belts, it can be argued that the most similar in species composition of birds are mixed dense forest belts and maple-lime openwork forest belts (jacquard Index – 93.1 and Serensen index 96.4) and maple-ash scavenging forest belts with mixed scavenging forest belts (jacquard Index-92.6 and Serensen index 96.2). Determined the relative numbers of registered types for zaplanovano classification V. P. Balka (2009): the most numerous Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs L.), Zelenyak (Chloris chloris L.), goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis L.), Linnet (Acanthis cannabina L.), song thrush (Turdus philomelos Brehm.), sorokopud of thorns (Lanius collurio L.), Nightingale (Luscinia luscinia L), magpie (Pica pica L.), grey crow (Corvus cornix L.). Rare species are common berestyanka(Hippolais icterina L.), common Buzzard (Buteo buteo L.), common urticaria (Sylvia nisoria L.). The nature protection status of certain bird species is analyzed. 1 species listed in the Red book of Ukraine, 2 species In the red list of Kharkiv region. 2 types to the Washington Convention. Berne Convention Annex II (BC2) – 23 species, Berne Convention Annex III (BC3) – 13 species of birds, Bonn Convention Annex II (Bu2) – 10 species, Bonn Convention Annex I (BO1) – 2 species and 6 species of birds have no conservation status.

The article discusses the monitoring of rare plants listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine that grow in the Ternopil region, in particular in the Kremenets Mountains, the Medobory Reserve, the Holytsia Botanical and Entomological Reserve, as well as in the territories of Opillya and Transnistria. The study used data from V. Besser, H. Kukovytsia, T. Andrienko, B. Zaverukha, S. Zelinka, R. Yavorivsky, M. Barna, and V. Cherniak, scientists who analyzed plant populations in the Ternopil region. The main goal of the work was to establish the habitats of Red Book plants in the Ternopil region, to study the populations of a number of species, and to conduct taxonomic, systematic, chorological, and biomorphological analysis in order to develop ways to protect these plants. The research was conducted from 2018 to 2023 in the Ternopil region, using herbarium specimens from the collections of the M.T. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (KW), the M.M. Hryshko National Library of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (KWHA), the Lviv Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (LWS), the Volodymyr Hnatiuk Ternopil National Pedagogical University, and museums in Kremenets and Ternopil. The research found that 34 species of plants grow in the Kremenets Mountains, 28 species in the Medobory Reserve, 37 species in the Holytsia Botanical and Entomological Reserve and its surroundings, and other plants are found partially in the Ternopil Plateau, Opillya, and Transnistria. In particular, 12 endemic, 22 relict, 7 relict-endemic, and 30 rare species have been identified. In addition, the region is home to 7 species of plants included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which are globally endangered. The categorical analysis of Red Data Book species shows that 20 species are classified as endangered, 49 as vulnerable, 30 as rare, and 1 species as uncertain. In nature conservation, it is important to study the anthropogenic impact on certain species of species, as well as the creation of new reserves and protected tracts to preserve their natural environment.

Materials about rare biotic and landscape diversity of the Medobory Nature Reserve are systematized and analyzed. According to the literary, statistical, and reporting data from nearly 1000 species of higher vascular plants 41 are included in the Red Book of Ukraine, 8 in the Annex of the Berne Convention, 5 in the Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 6 in the European Red List. 4 phytocoenosis are listed in the Green Book of Ukraine. 6 species and 1 form of algae from water bodies reservoirs are rare for the flora of Ukraine. 4 species of mushrooms, 68 species of fauna are protected in accordance with the Red Data Book of Ukraine. The reserve is the element (core) of the Emerald ecosystem in the PanEuropean structure. The most valuable natural-territorial complexes are forests, meadow-steppe areas, rocky outcrops on the toltry. The negative influence of sylvatization (expansion of non-aboriginal, adventitious, shrub species) on natural ecosystems in the conditions of reserved successions in the past and in the modern period was established. The priority directions of preservation of the rare biotic, landscape diversity of forests, meadow-steppe, water-marsh and rocky coenosis are substantiated.

Reservoirs of the upper cascade as transformed sections of the Dnipro River perform not only a number of important economic roles, but also play a role in the preservation and reproduction of rare animal species. Due to the heterogeneity of biotope conditions formed as a result of the flooding of the floodplains of the Dnipro valley, biotopes of various structure and area were formed, which are important for spawning, reproduction and grazing and feeding of many species of vertebrate animals. In the work, special emphasis is placed on the distribution of fish as purely aquatic animals and wetland birds as an additional component characterizing the state of aquatic and wetland biocenoses. According to the results of the research conducted for the period from 2020 to 2024, 20 species of fish and 100 wetland birds with protective status were registered in the Dnipro reservoirs. Among the fish in the reservoirs, 7 species are registered from the Red Book of Ukraine, 5 from the Habitats Directive, 12 from the Appendices of the Berne Convention. Among the studied bird species: 10 are included in the IUCN category (rare and vulnerable), 19 in the Red Book of Ukraine, 35 in the Habitats Directive and 98 in the Annexes of the Berne Convention. The avifauna structure was dominated by migratory and nesting species, where there were 49 and 36 species, respectively. In the ichthyofauna, the majority of rare species were registered in the Kaniv Reservoir, which testified to a better state of preservation of river biocenoses. The most valuable were the finds of typical river species: Сhondrostoma nasus, Leuciscus leuciscus, Idus idus, whose populations were affected by the transformation of biotopes on the Dnipro and its tributaries. The greatest richness of bird species, 95 species with protected status, was registered at the Kyiv Reservoir. Most of the species are migratory birds that use coastal shallow reservoirs as feeding grounds during transit movements from north to south. To find out the importance of these reservoirs in the conditions of the war with the Russian Federation, an important aspect is the assessment of the state of biotopes that form habitats for rare species, as well as potential losses from their possible destruction in the event of a new offensive on these territories. In addition, the study of rarities and species of the Berne Convention allows the formation of new protected areas, as well as the expansion of the ecological network along the upper cascade of the Dnipro reservoirs. Taking into account the favorable feed conditions of the reservoirs, it is possible to observe qualitative and quantitative changes of the species that constantly visit the studied territories during seasonal migrations every year.

New data on the distribution, occurrence and ecology of 19 rare and little-known species of Caraboidea from 14 genera were obtained in the result of research at Steppe zone of Ukraine. Herein, Parophonus hirsutulus is given for the fauna of Ukraine for the first time, while Cicindela sylvatica and Carabus coriaceus are recorded for the first time in the Steppe zone. The species Poecilus nitens, Carterus angustipennis lutschniki and Eucarterus sparsutus are registered for the first time in mainland Ukraine, and Acinopus ammophilus is newly found at the steppe of Left-bank Ukraine. The distribution of six rare species in the Steppe zone of Ukraine is specified, namely Calathus mollis, Ophonus minimus, Parophonus planicollis, Ditomus calidonius oriens, Masoreus wetterhallii, and Mastax thermarum. The seasonal occurrence of subspecies Cephalota deserticola sivashensis and Carabus sibiricus errans in biotopes is analyzed. New data on four species of ground beetles protected by the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Cephalota besseri, Carabus hungaricus, Parazuphium chevrolatii, Carterus dama) is provided.

Nowadays, the impact of anthropogenic activities on natural vegetation is constantly increasing, the level of threats is raised, and newer risk factors are emerging. Recent trends in the anthropogenic impact on plant communities are extremely pronounced, especially on those listed in the Green Book of Ukraine (GBU). Identifying such trends is required for the further development of strategic and tactical planning for the preservation and restoration of rare grass, shrub, and subshrub steppe, petrophyte and psammophyte plant communities of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine. In addition to well-established threat factors that cause changes in the habitat of plant communities or mechanically affect plants, new specific threats occur. Today, the most important among them in Ukraine are as follows: climate change, military activity, growing population in the industrial cities, population poverty and government corruption, changes in forms of land ownership and the creation of a land market, lack of knowledge and effective policy, including lack of popular scientific information about the status of specific species and plant groupings, inadequate management of protected areas, uncoordinated environmental protection measures, ineffective sanctions, insufficient monitoring of the consumption of natural biological resources. The preservation of rare grass, shrubby and subshrubby communities in the steppe zone of Ukraine should be provided with proper support at the state level. There is a pressing need for a law of Ukraine “On the preservation of the steppes in Ukraine” and this will require mechanisms for its implementation. The issue of developing a strategy for the conservation and balanced use of steppe ecosystems in Ukraine, whose area is one of the largest in Europe, has long been raised. The main goal of the strategy is the actual preservation of steppe communities (most of which are currently rare) ensuring their restoration, minimizing degradation, and stopping biodiversity loss. In order to develop specific actions to eliminate threats or reduce their impact on rare plant groupings, it is required to investigate the causes of threats and assess their level and duration. This is required to preserve the landscape and biotic diversity in the steppe zone of Ukraine.

Introduction. The Steppe Viper (Vipera renardi (Cristoph, 1861)) is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine and protected in Ukraine according to Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. The population of the species in Ukraine had decreased during the last decades, its northern range border had shifted to the south. The Steppe Viper has been didn’t find was not recorded in Cherkasy Oblast during the last 90 years. Purpose. The aim of the present study was to present data on current distribution of the Steppe Viper on the left bank of the Dnieper in Cherkasy Oblast and to put it into context of distribution of this species in Ukraine. Methods. Materials has been collected during 2014-2019 in Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine, in the forest-steppe zone. Results. Steppe viper has been found in two localities: in Zolotonosha Rajon near vil. Khvylovo-Sorochyn one Steppe Viper was observed 05.07.2015 and four specimens were seen 23.04.2019. In addition, two snakes were found and reported on Facebook by user Viktor Oleksenko. Snakes were observed 23.06.2014 near vil. Vilkhy (Zolotonosha Rajon, Cherkasy Oblast). In all cases snakes were observed on open places with herbaceous plants near glades or at the edge of a mixed pine-oak forest, situated on the Dnieper left bank sandy terrace at the place of its’ confluence with Zolotonoshka river. These habitats are not typical for this species in Southern Ukraine, within Steppe zone. Similar isolated populations of the Steppe Viper are existing in other regions of Ukrainian Forest Steppe: Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv and Kyiv. Conclusion. Our research confirms presence of small isolated populations of the Steppe Viper in the Ukrainian Forest Steppe, on the Dnieper’s left bank. Habitats along the large river valleys have an important role for conservation this species in Forest steppe.

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the floristic value of kurgans distributed over an area of approximately 32,100 km2 spreading in four climatic-vegetation zones (steppes and forest steppe) in southern Ukraine. Among the 450 kurgans visited during the growing seasons 2004–2010, 106 best preserved kurgans were investigated. Of 721 species identified, 69 were sozophytes (species of special concern), threatened with extinction. They were usually recorded on the slopes of kurgans and were mostly associated with communities from the classes Festuco-Brometea and Festucetea vaginatae. The distributional patterns of the most frequent sozophytes within kurgans coming from four different climatic-vegetation zones were analyzed. Our study confirmed that kurgans could play a role as refugia of the steppe flora. However, the spatial isolation (about 82–90% of the Ukrainian steppe was turned in agricultural land) and relatively small populations of sozophytes do not contribute to their survival. Other threats to kurgan flora include the following: a direct destruction of the kurgans by frequent fires, excessive grazing, cultivation practices, human activities, e.g. archeological excavations, or illegal activities of archeological looters. The active conservation of kurgans as archeological sites, as well as areas of high floristic value is recommended.

Water and wind erosion are the most powerful factors in the decrease of soil fertility and a threat to food security. The study was conducted on the steppe zone in Ukraine (total area of 167.4 thous. km2), including agricultural land (131.6 thous. km2). At the first stage, the modeling of spatial differentiation of water and wind erosion manifestations was carried out to calculate losses of soil (Mg·ha–1) and to determine their degradation. At the second stage, soil-climatic bonitet of zonal soils (points) is carried out to determine their natural fertility (Mg·ha–1). At the third stage, the spatial adjustment of the natural soil fertility to the negative effect of erosion was carried out. This made it possible to calculate crop losses and total financial losses due to water and wind erosion. The integrated spatial modeling showed that about 68.7% of arable land was constantly affected by the combined erosion, in particular the area of low eroded arable land (16.8%), and medium and highly eroded land (22.1%). Due to erodibility of soil, about 23.3% of agricultural land transferred from the category of high and medium quality to medium, low and very low quality, which is caused by the loss of soil fertility of up to 70%, crop losses of up to 1.93 Mg·ha–1 ha–1 and eduction of agricultural income up to 390 USD·ha–1. In the steppe region under the research, gross crop losses from erosion were up to 15.11 thous. Mg·ha–1 (3.05 mln USD). In order to protect soils, improve fertility and increase crop yields in the steppe zone in Ukraine, the following measures were suggested: adaptive and landscape erosion control design with elements of conservation farming in accordance with the spatial differentiation of soil quality and extent of water erosion deflation danger.

The paper presents the current distribution of species of the genus Stipa in Ukraine based on the data from phytosociological databases. The main objectives were to produce maps of distribution and to determine the affinity of Stipa species to EUNIS habitat classification units.We succeeded in selecting the relevés with the participation of 16 out of 27 species of the genus Stipa recognized as a species in the “Nomenclature checklist of higher vascular plants of Ukraine”. A total of 4888 relevés with the presence of Stipa were found. Stipa capillata has the most significant presence in the data set among other species of the genus. It was found in 38.1 % of relevés. This species occupies second place in the analyzed data set by the Percentage Frequency and third place by Average Non-Zero Cover. According to the analysis of the distribution maps, it was established that S. capillata is a widespread species in the Forest-Steppe and the Steppe zones of Ukraine. Stipa lessingiana also has a significant distribution but is limited mainly to the Steppe zone. Both S. borysthenica and S. tirsa are significantly less present in the databases than reported in the literature, particularly in the Red Book of Ukraine and Green Book of Ukraine. Other species of the genus have limited distribution. Analysis of the habitat affinity of Stipa species showed that they occur in ten types of grassland habitats of the third level of the hierarchy according to the new version of the EUNIS classification. The vast majority of species have an ecological optimum in R1B – Continental dry grassland (true steppe). Stipa capillata has the widest amplitude in different habitat types. Also, a wide range of habitat types is characteristic for S. pulcherrima, S. lessingiana, S. pennata, and S. ucrainica. Species that are poorly represented in the dataset (S. zalesskii, S. transcarpatica, S. adoxa, S. asperella, and S. dasyphylla) occur in a few or only one habitat type.Hence, our study shows that the vast majority of Stipa species in Ukraine are rare and need protection at the national level. However, the presence of S. capillata in the sample was very high. It was found in almost all types of dry grassland habitats, as well as in petrophytic, shrub, and even anthropogenic habitats. This is evidence of the high adaptability of the species and its wide ecological and coenotic amplitude. Our study results confirm the idea that S. capillata does not meet the criteria for inclusion to the national protection lists. It also suggests excluding this species from the Red Book of Ukraine, in case if the national legislation will regulate the protection of biodiversity at the superorganism level.