Abstract
Flax lignans and neolignans impart health benefits, particularly in treating different types of cancers, due to their strong phytoestrogenic and antioxidant properties. The present study enhances the comprehension on the biosynthesis of antioxidant lignans and neolignans in root-derived in vitro cultures of flax (both callus and adventitious root). The results presented here clearly showed that the adventitious root culture efficiently produced a higher amount of lignans (at day 40) and neolignans (at day 30) than callus culture of flax. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the accumulations of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG, 5.5 mg g−1 DW (dry weight)) and dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside (DCG, 21.6 mg/g DW) were 2-fold higher, while guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl alcohol ether glucoside (GGCG, 4.9 mg/g DW) and lariciresinol glucoside (LDG, 11.9 mg/g DW) contents were 1.5-fold higher in adventitious root culture than in callus culture. Furthermore, the highest level of total phenolic production (119.01 mg/L), with an antioxidant free radical scavenging activity of 91.01%, was found in adventitious root culture at day 40, while the maximum level of total flavonoid production (45.51 mg/L) was observed in callus culture at day 30 of growth dynamics. These results suggest that adventitious root culture can be a good candidate for scaling up to industrial level to commercially produce these pharmacologically and nutritionally valuable metabolites.
Highlights
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the oldest annual crops and presents numerous benefits to human health [1,2,3,4,5]
(91.01%) and maximum total phenolic production (TPP) (119.01 mg/L) was at day 40, while the maximum biomass accumulation (DW; 12.02 g/L) was seen at day 45 of culture. These results showed an association between secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity in the callus and adventitious root cultures of L. usitatissimum
In order to generate callus cultures, root explants of approximately 1.0 cm size were cultured on MS media supplied with 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), indole butyric acid (IBA), indole acetic acid (IAA), and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in variable concentrations (0.5–3.0 mg/L)
Summary
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the oldest annual crops and presents numerous benefits to human health [1,2,3,4,5]. Flaxseed is a valuable source that contributes to a nutritionally rich diet, as it contains various dietary components to be considered as a functional food [7]. Among the nutritionally important components of flaxseed omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols (in particular, lignans), proteins and dietary fibers are included [7]. Flax has been served for medicinal purposes for a long time, as it contains medicinally important lignans, which demonstrate pronounced antioxidant and phytoestrogenic activities [1,2,3]. The pharmacologically active lignans in flaxseeds include secoisolariciresinol (SECO), lariciresinol diglucoside (LDG) and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside
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