Feasibility Study of Additive Technologies Application in Restoring Agricultural Machinery

Additive technologies have made it possible to form a fundamentally new direction in the technology of unmanned aerial vehicles production, with the help of which it is possible to manufacture single and unique samples of products due to the layer-by-layer build-up of material by the method of layer-by-layer synthesis with the simultaneous obtaining of the given shape and dimensions of the next product based on a digital prototype. Modern capabilities of equipment and materials are rapidly evolving towards larger product sizes, higher accuracy and quality, high product printing speeds and low costs. When using traditional methods of production, the cost and complexity of unmanned aerial vehicles is quite high. The use of additive technologies allows you to significantly reduce the weight of the UAV body due to the reduction of material consumption. The article investigates the properties of various polymers used in additive manufacturing, determines their impact on the quality of unmanned aerial vehicles elements, and also develops a methodology for selecting materials for the manufacture of unmanned aerial vehicles elements. The conducted research revealed a whole layer of issues and problems related to the need to improve the 3D printing process, organization and management of the printing of complex elements of the air defense system, which would allow effective use of the latest additive 3D printing technologies in modern production in combat conditions. According to the results of the research, the properties of the main materials for 3D printing, which are used in the FDM technology of obtaining the product, have been established. It has been established that the use of additive technologies will entail the adjustment of unmanned aerial vehicles design principles, the development of printing technologies, the use of new construction strategies, and the emergence of new technologies related to 3D printing. The analysis of quality control mechanisms for the development of unmanned aerial vehicles elements shows that the technological scheme for the selection of composite material is an important element in the 3D printing of modern unmanned aerial vehicles and their components. It was determined that with the improvement of technological equipment and the development of methods of material selection for the manufacture of unmanned aerial vehicles elements, the direction of creating new unmanned aerial vehicles with the help of additive technologies will steadily expand. Keywords: additive technologies; unmanned aerial vehicles; 3D printing; polymer; structure.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the possibility of using additive technologies in clinical practice. The number of medical specialties that use 3D printing technologies to treat patients is increasing every year. Thanks to the emergence of high-tech qualified medical care, it is possible to carry out the most complex surgical interventions and give a person who is faced with serious diseases a high-quality and fulfilling life. The creation of a 3D model using the data of a specific patient, the use of 3D computer modeling and additive technologies have become a real breakthrough in many areas of surgery. Today, such an approach in planning reconstructive and restorative operations occupies an important position in modern medicine. The authors of the article presented their experience of using additive 3D printing technologies in clinical practice. The researchers paid special attention to the results of the use of additive technologies in the treatment of diseases of the spine: deformities, degenerative-dystrophic and oncological diseases.

One of the pressing issues of modern medicine is the need to improve the results of surgical treatment of patients with stage III osteoarthritis of large joints (according to the classification of N. S. Kosinskaya), as well as with loosening of the components of hip and knee joints through the use of techniques that have high clinical and economic efficiency and including the use of computer modeling and additive 3D printing technologies. Purpose of the study: to conduct a clinical and economic analysis of the effectiveness of using individual and serial components of endoprostheses in the surgical treatment of patients with stage III hip osteoarthritis (according to N. S. Kosinskaya’s classification), as well as with loosening of hip and knee joint implants. Methods: clinical-radiological, computed tomographic, biomechanical, statistical, analytical, sociological. The study included 348 patients who were divided into 10 groups depending on the individual and serial components of implants used in their treatment. Results. The effectiveness of surgical treatment of stage III hip osteoarthritis using individual acetabular implants in primary hip replacement, assessed using QALYs, was 0.79, and the CER (“cost-effectiveness”) indicator was 350,424.7. Moreover, the use of only serial imlants in a similar operation led to a decrease in CER to 262,977.2 and QALY to 0.63. Higher QALYs have also been observed with the use of additive technologies in revision hip arthroplasty. The effectiveness of surgical treatment using individual implants for type IIIa acetabular defect was 0.77 (CER – 341,110), for type IIIb – 0.6 (CER – 496,754.3). When using serial components of a revision hip joint implants for type IIIa acetabular defect, the QALY was 0.4 (CER – 540,462.5), for type IIIb – 0.4 (CER – 653,500.5). The best QALYs (0.15) and CER (1,348,892) were also obtained with the use of individual acetabular implants made of bone cement in hip replacement for periprosthetic infection in comparison with standard spacers (QALY – 0.07; CER – 2,845 801). The effectiveness of surgical treatment of patients with bone defects of type 2B and 3 according to AORI using individual implants during revision knee arthroplasty was 0.83 (CER – 494,236.8), using serial designs – 0.44 (CER – 939,489, 4). Conclusions. The use of individual implants in total replacement in patients with stage III hip osteoarthritis (according to N. S. Kosinskaya’s classification), as well as loosening of hip and knee implants, made it possible to achieve higher rates of effectiveness of surgical treatment in comparison with implantation of only serial structures. The use of additive 3D printing technologies in all cases, except knee joint replacement for bone defects of types 2B and 3 according to AORI, led to increased costs for treating patients. As a result of the clinical and economic analysis, it was revealed that the use of individual implants made using 3D printing in revision hip arthroplasty for IIIa and IIIb defects of the acetabulum, septic loosening of the components of a previously installed implants, as well as in re-replacement of the knee joint in the presence of AORI type 2B and 3 bone defects achieves the best cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) and is “strongly preferable” to implantation of serial constructs only.

The article provides an analysis of the use of materials to produce construction products developed using additive technologies. The material samples specified in the article have the prospect of becoming advanced in the modern production of construction products. The main factors that affect the properties of printed material using a 3D printer are also determined. Today, the production of materials for the manufacture of various architectural structures is developing rapidly, becoming more technological, the volume of production is increasing, the accuracy and quality of the production of parts is increasing, and the costs are reduced. The use of a 3D printer is clearly demonstrated in the optimization of the production of architectural structures. In the case of the usual method of production, their cost and complexity are quite high. The introduction of a 3D printer makes it possible to significantly improve the design and structure of products by improving the structure and consumption of materials. The conducted research revealed a whole range of issues and problems related to the need to improve the 3D printing process, organization, and management of printing of complex construction products, which would allow effective use of the latest additive 3D printing technologies in modern construction. The properties of the main materials for 3D printing, which are used in the FDM technology of obtaining the product, have been experimentally determined. The procedure for calculating the performance of the extruder and the main problems during printing are determined. As a result of the conducted research, it is possible to assert that by basic factors which influence on property of the printed material is a percent of the internal filling is a that thickness of wall of good. Studies have shown that the use of additive technologies in the production of construction products at the current stage will provide an opportunity to combine the latest scientific developments in the fields of engineering, technology, materials science, architecture, design and construction.

The article deals the issues of improving the quality, reducing time, cost of manufacturing domestic aircraft and reducing their weight by modernizing technological processes taking into account a wide range of functionalities for the use of additive technologies for the production of structural elements of aircraft from titanium alloys. The article provides is determined that titanium and its alloys, due to their unique chemical and mechanical characteristics, continue to be relevant and in demand metal used in the construction of modern aircraft. But traditional methods of manufacturing parts made of titanium are high cost and do not allow the use of this metal in large quantities. The solution proposed to this problem is the use of additive manufacturing technologies for the manufacture of aircraft structural elements from titanium. Data are given about of the use of titanium alloys in the aerospace, automotive, biomedical and chemical industries due to the excellent combination of strength, low density, as well as very high corrosion resistance and fatigue strength are given. The efficiency of using titanium alloys for the manufacture of structural elements of aircraft in terms of reducing the total weight of the aircraft and high reliability of the structure as a whole. The article provides descriptive information about additive technologies in mechanical engineering. The review of works of foreign scientists concerning research of differences in mechanical characteristics, microstructure and macrostructure of samples made by means of additive technologies is resulted, their advantages and lacks are noted. The list of advantages of additive technologies in mechanical engineering which cause economic efficiency from their use is resulted. Attention is drawn to the most common methods of additive production: substrate synthesis (PBF), direct energy and material supply (DED). It is given the tasks of research are defined and the decision of optimization of technology of manufacturing of elements of a design of aircraft. Research will further improve the technology of aircraft production.

Modern liquid rocket engines of low thrust (LRELT) represent complex engineering structures, which are subject to very high requirements in terms of efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. To confirm the characteristics of the developed designs, a comprehensive set of tests for prototype samples is required, allowing their operability to be verified under conditions close to real-life operation. As part of this work, a thermodynamic calculation of the LRELT chamber for fuel components such as liquid kerosene and gaseous oxygen was conducted. The injector calculation method used in this work is based on the application of similarity criteria. This allows the transition from small-scale injectors to those suitable for full-scale testing, including stand tests using the “hydroflush” method. For testing, a specialized test rig was created, allowing the testing of injectors manufactured using modern additive technologies, such as 3D printing from polymer materials. This not only reduces the cost of creating prototypes but also accelerates the testing process. The injector tests on the stand play a crucial role in verifying their operability. This testing method allows studying the behavior of injectors in conditions as close to operational as possible. In this study, injectors manufactured using additive technologies from polymer plastic were used. The use of such materials in the early stages of testing helped to reduce costs and time resources for producing prototype samples. During the tests, the injectors were subjected to liquid at a specified pressure differential, which allowed their operability and fuel distribution uniformity to be assessed. The results of the tests demonstrated a high degree of correlation between theoretical calculations and actual data. The injectors showed stable operation corresponding to the calculated characteristics, and also proved their suitability for further development stages. The use of additive technologies in the manufacturing of the injectors confirmed its effectiveness, allowing the prototype production cycle to be shortened and costs reduced. Moreover, the “hydroflush” method proved to be a reliable means of verifying and validating the working characteristics of the injectors, which is an important step toward their implementation in real-world operations. Thus, the proposed methodology, which includes the use of similarity criteria and additive technologies, significantly simplifies the process of development and testing, improves accuracy, and brings the results closer to real operating conditions. This is especially important for increasing the reliability and quality of final products used in rocket and space technology, contributing to a reduction in operational risks.

The article analyzes existing and promising body armor made using additive technologies (AT) by leading companies in the world. Considered in the article are samples of bulletproof vests, which in the future will take their rightful place in the list of military protection systems that will be used in modern combat and perform additional specific tasks. The problems and tasks that are created during the development of bulletproof vests and the directions for their solution with the help of AT are also identified. Modern equipment and material capabilities are rapidly evolving towards larger product sizes, higher precision and quality, faster print speeds and lower costs. The use of AT is also clearly illustrated by the example of optimizing the design of promising bulletproof vests. When using traditional methods of production, the cost and complexity of body armor is quite high. The use of AT can significantly reduce the weight of bulletproof vests by reducing material consumption. It was determined that with the improvement of technological equipment and the development of design methods, the direction of creating new bulletproof vests with the help of AT will steadily expand. The conducted studies have shown that the use of AT in the production of bulletproof vests at the present stage will improve the characteristics of bulletproof vests, reduce the overall weight and ensure the printing of bulletproof vests in the field. AT will also be able to quickly manufacture complex products and spare parts and elements that either cannot be manufactured using traditional manufacturing technologies or are needed in small quantities. Today it is already quite obvious that the development of AT will entail the adjustment of design principles, the development of printing technologies, the use of new strategies for building modern printers, the emergence of new technologies related to 3D printing, but the future is clearly in the widespread use of additive technologies in the production of bulletproof vests. Keywords: additive technologies, body armor, 3D printing.

The article describes the technology of building elements of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) based on the use of additive technologies (AT). AT opened a fundamentally new direction in the concept of UAV manufacturing, which makes it possible to obtain a final product of a given shape and size based on a digital prototype. The modern equipment used in JSC is constantly being improved and allows for high printing speeds to increase the quality of the product at relatively low costs. The use of AT makes it possible to significantly reduce the weight of UAV elements due to the reduction of material costs. The article examines the technological process of 3D printing of UAV elements and the technological scheme of materials selection for the manufacture of UAV elements. In the course of the conducted research, a number of problems related to the need to improve the process of 3D printing of complex elements of UAVs, in order to effectively use the latest additive 3D printing technologies in modern production in combat conditions, were identified. The results of test printing, plastic tests and calculations made it possible to develop a general methodology for the production of UAV elements using additive technologies. The introduction of additive technologies for the production of UAV elements in the field will contribute to solving a wide range of combat tasks. It has been established that the use of additive technologies will entail the adjustment of UAV design principles, the development of printing technologies, the use of new construction strategies, the emergence of new technologies related to 3D printing. The analysis of quality control mechanisms for the development of UAV elements shows that the technological scheme for the selection of composite material is an important element in the 3D printing of modern UAVs and their components. It was determined that with the improvement of technological equipment and the development of methods of material selection for the manufacture of UAV elements, the direction of creating new UAVs with the help of AT will steadily expand. Keywords: additive technologies, UAV, 3D printing, technology, structure.

The experience of using additive technology in relation tocombined methods of tool manufacturing with the impact of electromagnetic and other types of fields on the process., where there are completely or partially no traditional mechanical effects on the tool part, which must have high mechanical strength, wear resistance. It is shown that the field of use of additive technologies is much wider than it was previously accepted., and mainly covers modern flexible-structured production of such branches of mechanical engineering, where there is a constant updating of products and the technological process is based on the production of limited batches of high-tech products, as a rule, according to preliminary orders of the consumer. It is proved that the scientific foundations of the multilayer formation of parts created to date are legitimate for coating, controlled layer-by-layer changes in the performance characteristics of materials, the creation of means of cooling the hot zone of aircraft engines in aerospace engineering, where multilayer templates with specified performance characteristics can be used as a data carrier. A new (according to the authors’ patent) direction of manufacturing unprofiled electrode tools with giving them useful properties of a profile tool is considered. The ways of solving the problem of controlling the operational characteristics of products by creating parts from conjugate layers, the properties of which are formed by optimizing technological modes, are proposed. The ways of effective finishing of combined methods of surface layers of coatings with preservation of useful performance qualities of parts obtained using additive technologies are studied.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of additive technologies in surgical treatment of patients with osteochondral defects of the humeral head articular surface against the background of chronic posterior dislocation of the shoulder by means of comparing clinical and radiological results with the McLaughlin procedure.Materials and MethodsA prospective randomized comparative group clinical study was conducted, which included 20 patients who in 2019–2021 underwent surgical treatment of chronic posterior dislocation of the shoulder in the Traumatological and Orthopedic Department of the Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the Privolzhsky Research Medical University (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia). Depending on the type of surgery, all patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n=10) was subject to McLaughlin procedure, whereas group 2 (n=10) — to reconstruction of the humeral head using a customized implant based on additive technologies (3D printing). To assess postoperative results, 6 months after the surgery all patients underwent the following procedures: X-ray imaging of the shoulder joint in two projections, CT scanning, and angulometry as well as provided their responses in line with the following questionnaires: Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Score (ASES), Constant Shoulder Score (CSS), Shoulder Rating Questionnaire (SRQ), and the Hospital for Special Surgery Shoulder Surgery Expectations Survey (Survey of patient, SP).ResultsBoth the McLaughlin procedure and the reconstruction of the humeral head using a customized implant made using additive 3D printing technologies increased the range of motion in the shoulder joint, mitigated the pain syndrome and improved the patients’ quality of life. During the postoperative period, there were no infectious complications in both groups. The total bed-day in group 1 was 7 [5; 9] days; in group 2, it was 8 [6; 9] days. There was no recurrence of dislocation or progression of osteoarthritis of the shoulder joint in patients in both groups during 6 months after the surgery. The ASES, SP, SRQ, CSS, DASH, and VAS questionnaires assessment for both groups showed a statistically significant improvement for all indicators in the postoperative period. There were no statistically significant differences found between the groups as to the results of angulometry and answering the questionnaires.ConclusionCustomized implants made using additive technologies can shorten the surgery duration by 1.3 times, whereas the volume of intraoperative blood loss — by at least 1.5 times compared to the McLaughlin procedure.

Проведено аналіз ефективності та оцінку діагностичної цінності використання адитивних технологій при доопераційній підготовці хворих із ортопедо-травматологічною патологією. Матеріалом дослідження було 3D-моделювання та виготовлення пластикових прототипів у лабораторії медичного 3D-друку ДУ «Інститут травматології та ортопедії НАМН України» в 45 пацієнтів відповідного медичного профілю. Визначено високу діагностичну цінність 3D-моделювання та прототипування в доопераційній підготовці хворих із різною ортопедо-травматологічної патологією. Використання адитивних технологій дало можливість досягти добрих і відмінних функціональних результатів у всіх 45 обстежених хворих у ранньому післяопераційному періоді, що доводить високу ефективність 3D-моделювання та прототипування й може бути рекомендовано як незамінний метод при підготовці до складних реконструктивних ортопедо-травматологічних втручань.

In the agro-industrial complex, it is possible to reduce operating costs by improving the organization and technology of maintenance and repair of machines, including using digital solutions. (Research purpose) The research purpose is identifying the promising areas for the development of digital technologies and the possibilities of their application in the maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery. (Materials and methods) Used open information sources and Internet resources of specialized Russian scientific and educational organizations and industrial companies, as well as materials of various annual exhibitions, including international ones; electronic information resources in the form of databases that are created and maintained at Rosinformagrotech (Results and discussion) It was determined that such digital solutions as «smart spare parts warehouse», «smart oil storage» are used in repair and maintenance production. It was established that the promising areas of the use of digital technologies include digital enterprise management systems, intelligent systems for diagnosing machines, robotic systems. One of the most dynamically developing areas of «digital» production in the world is the use of additive technologies that can be used in the manufacture of spare parts and the restoration of parts, including for imported machinery. In recent years, the trend of digitalization development in various industries, including the agro-industrial complex, has been the use of «digital» doubles. (Conclusions) In the field of maintenance and repair, intelligent systems for diagnosing machines, «digital» doubles, 3D scanning and reverse engineering of parts, 3D printing of spare parts and additive technologies for repairing parts will be in demand.

In the article we conducted the analysis of existent and perspective unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) which are done by additive technologies (AT) by the leading companies of the world. The considered standards of UAVs in the future will take the deserving place in the list of special UAVs, that will be used in a modern fight and execute additional specific tasks. Problems and tasks which are created at development of UAVs and directions of their decision by the use of AT are also determined. Modern possibilities of equipment and materials quickly evolve toward the greater size of products, higher accuracy and quality, high speeds of printing of good and low charges. Application of AT is evidently showed also at the example of optimization of construction of engine metallic block. At the use of traditional methods of production a cost and complication of UAVs is high enough. Application of AT allows substantially to reduce weight of corps of UAVs due to the cutback of spending of material. It is determined that the direction of creation of new UAVs by AT will steadily broaden with the improvement of technological equipment and development of planning methods. The conducted researches showed that application of AT at the production of UAVs on the modern stage will allow to improve aerodynamic descriptions of UAVs, reduce gross weight and to facilitate assembling of UAVs in the field terms. AT will also be able to provide quick beginning of production of difficult goods and awaiting-parts, which cannot be made by traditional production technologies, or needed in small volumes. Today it is obviously that mastering of AT will cause the correction of constructing principles, working off technologies of printing, use of new strategies of construction of modern printers, the appearance of new technologies, contiguous with 3D-printing, but the future belongs to the wide use of additive technologies at the production of UAVs. Keywords: additive technologies, UAVs, 3-D printing.

The article analyses the state and perspectives of the use of additive technologies in the Russian industry. The authors emphasise that additive technologies not only changed the process of product design, but also modernised the process of value creation. In Russia, additive technologies are developing slowly due to the lack of qualified personnel, the high cost of technology and the underdevelopment of the necessary infrastructure.

Background. Currently, there is no «golden standard» in terms of correction of adherence to treatment of patients with tuberculosis and its adequate assessment. This paper presents the experience of applying the 3D lung reconstruction method, which was used among patients with tuberculosis to modify their level of adherence, as well as to increase the effectiveness of treatment and change the indicators of anxiety and depression. Aims. To give a brief description of the level of adherence to treatment and the overall effectiveness of chemotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with tuberculosis according to the data of the department for patients with respiratory tuberculosis of the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Tuberculosis Dispensary. To increase the level of adherence to treatment and increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with destructive forms of pulmonary tuberculosis using additive technologies using the method of three-dimensional reconstruction of lung tissue. To assess and correct the dynamics of manifestations of symptoms of anxiety and depression among newly diagnosed patients with destructive forms of pulmonary tuberculosis using additive technologies using the method of three-dimensional reconstruction of lung tissue. Materials and methods. The present work is based on a retrospective-prospective analysis of the results of treatment of newly diagnosed patients with destructive forms of pulmonary tuberculosis (167 people), who were observed in the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Tuberculosis Dispensary. The patients included in the study were divided into two groups. For patients of the 1st group, lung models were made, among them a questionnaire was conducted using the MMAS-4 questionnaire and the HADS scale. For patients of the 2nd group, lung models were not made, and no survey was conducted. Results. According to the results of the study in the department for patients with respiratory tuberculosis of the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Tuberculosis Dispensary (observation period from 2016 to 2020), a negative trend was found in an increase in the number of unauthorized departures from the structural unit and violations of the regimen among patients. A course of polychemotherapy was recognized as effective in the 1st group (in terms of bacterial excretion) in 93.0% of patients (64/69), and in the 2nd group (the same indicator) – in 67.3% (66/98); χ2=16.940, df=1; p0.001. The largest number of abacilated patients was observed in the 1st group. In the case of showing patients three-dimensional anatomical tactile models of the lungs, the probability of closing decay cavities increased by 32.2% (γ-test=-0.322; p=0.034). The absence of the demonstration of personalized three-dimensional anatomical tactile models of the lungs contributed to an increase in the occurrence of disadvantage in the outcome of therapy by 77.2% (γ-test=-0.772; p0.001). The chance of achieving an effective course of chemotherapy was 4.2 times higher among patients of the 1st group (odds ratio 4.267, 95% confidence interval 1.523–11.953). In the absence of data on the patient’s interaction with the tactile pulmonary model, the risk of noncompliance increased by 47.6% (γ-test=-0.476; p=0.020). After the use of three-dimensional anatomical tactile models of the lungs among patients of the 1st group, their level of adherence to treatment increased (according to the MMAS-4 questionnaire) with a result of 4 points [4; 4] – maximum score of the MMAS-4 questionnaire – (W=2278, Z=-7.267; p0.001) and the psychological load significantly decreased (according to the HADS scale) with a score of 7 points [5; 10] – «no significant symptoms of anxiety and depression» (W=2405, Z=-7.165; p0.001). Conclusion. The use of additive technologies in the anti-tuberculosis organization has made it possible to improve the profile of adherence of tuberculosis patients to polychemotherapy, increase the effectiveness of treatment, and correct indicators of anxiety and depression among newly diagnosed patients with destructive pulmonary tuberculosis.