Feasibility Study of a Technoeconomic Solar Photovoltaic Irrigation Compared with Grid and Diesel Systems for Sustainability of Crop Production

Reactive Power Dynamic Assessment of a PV System in a Distribution Grid

A photovoltaic (PV) off grid system is a cutting-edge energy system that harnesses solar power to provide reliable electricity to localized areas. This abstract focuses on enhancing the performance of PV standalone off grid systems through the implementation of an advanced charge controller employing closed-loop control strategies. These autonomous energy systems, powered by solar panels, offer a decentralized solution to electricity generation and distribution. Traditional charge controllers may not efficiently adapt to varying solar irradiance levels, leading to suboptimal energy harvesting. The closed-loop control system proposed in this work addresses the need for dynamically adjusting the charging algorithm in response to real-time environmental conditions, ensuring maximum energy captured from the PV system. The open circuit voltage algorithm plays a pivotal role in increasing the overall efficiency of the PV micro grid. By responding intelligently to changes in solar irradiance and load requirements, the system minimizes energy losses and maximizes the utilization of available renewable resources, thereby addressing the need for efficient energy management. The results obtained from MATLAB simulation are compared with other methods in terms of maximum power efficiency. The results suggest that the open circuit voltage algorithm is efficient.

Toward sustainable crop production in China: A co-benefits evaluation

Renewable energy is energy that is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly.Unlike fossil fuel, renewable energy does not pollute the environment because it is a part of nature.Renewable sources that are most often used are solar, wind, water (hydropower), biomass and geothermal energy.The potential to generate energy from renewable sources is largely dependent on the availability of these natural resources.Among the renewable energy resources, the energy through the photovoltaic (PV) -which converts the sunlight directly into electricity -can be considered the most essential and prerequisite sustainable resource.The standalone PV system cannot provide a continuous supply of energy due to seasonal and periodic variations.Therefore, in order to satisfy the load demand, grid-connected energy systems are now being implemented that combine the PV system with the grid system.The gridconnected PV system can be divided into two parts: building integrated PV systems (BIPV) and distribution generation PV (DGPV) systems.BIPV systems usually supply a specific load and inject the excess energy to the grid while DGPV systems directly inject the energy to the grid.The suggestion in this paper is that the BIPV system is applied for some special building in a Koya city like: the university's new presidency building, Shaid-Khalid new hospital and the new bank buildings.This application will be the first step of going toward renewable energy usage with the grid system in Kurdistan region.

Feasibility study, design and implementation of smart polygeneration microgrid at AMU

<span lang="EN-US">In this work, the fickleness of solar energy can be overcome by using Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm (MPPT). Perturb and Observation (P&O) MPPT algorithm accomplish fast the maximum power point for rapid change of environmental conditions such as irradiance intensity and temperature. The MPPT algorithm applied to solar PV system keep the boost converter output constant. Output from boost converter is taken to three phase impedance-source inverter with RL load and grid system. Impedance-source inverter performs the transformation of variable DC output of the solar PV system in to near sinusoidal AC output. This near sinusoidal AC output consecutively is served to the RL load first and then to grid system. The simulation is carried out in matlab/simulink platform both for RL load and grid system and the simulation results are experimentally validated for RL load arrangement only.</span>

Introduction: Photovoltaic cell is one of the most energizing green energy sources to generate the electricity by implementing it as solar polar plant. Photovoltaic cells is considered as alternate and sustainable energy source as demand to electricity is increasing periodically and clean resource to generation of electricity is very limited. Especially photovoltaic cell changes the energy market dynamically as their output determined on environmental situations. Hence it becomes necessary to conserve the electricity for reliable and safe operation of the existing power system using power electronics converters with maximum power point tracking functions. Photovoltaic sources are considered as clean energy, it is highly significant to evaluate the suitable grid system to various types of the photovoltaic technologies. Due to changing environmental operating conditions such as temperature, irradiance, effects of partial shading and humidity, stability and generation of Photovoltaic cells will be affected largely. Meanwhile, it adversely affects the stability of the grid systems. In this article, detailed performance and simulation analysis of the various types of grid connected system to multiple types of converter to photovoltaic cell towards power generation has been analyzed. Typically Photovoltaic cell generates the DC voltage which is fed into the DC micro grid system as it is modern trend due to loads using DC voltage. Further analysis helps to identify the suitable converter design to photovoltaic cell on basis of significance and challenges of power generation mechanism. Multiple types of converter design are monitored and necessary environmental data was recorded and electricity distributed to various types of grid connected system is also measured. Based on the analysis, the converter topologies to photovoltaic cell such as sepic converter, scott ternary solar multilevel converter, Flyback converter, zeta converter and multiport converter are used to transmit the generated power to various types of micro grid connected system such as off grid system, on grid system, DC connected grid system and hybrid connected grid system under static and dynamic characteristics has analyzed in detail. Power Converter belongs to two main categories such as high step converters as parallel optimizer to PV module level applications and buck boost converter as series optimizer to PV string applications. Among those sepic converter proves to be outperforming on compared with other types of converter system on the simulation using matlab Simulink software.

The micro grid system changes the traditional distribution system with single power source and radial network into a new distribution system with several power sources. Depending on the interaction level between micro grid and main grid, a micro grid can be classified as isolated or grid connected. In isolated micro grid a connection with the main grid is not existing requiring the micro grid to be self-sustaining. In this type of micro grid it acts as a small power system with its all component (generation, transmission, and distribution). The main driver for isolated micro grid is the availability of local energy resources. This paper introduces a comparative study of adding Photo Voltaic (PV) or wind energy systems to the micro grid in order to enhance the isolated operation of the micro grid. The study conduct a comparison based on adding the same capacity of PV or wind energy to the autonomous micro grid. The amount of energy not supplied to the load and for how long some loads are shredded are the two main factors through the comparison. A typical case study of the micro grid system located at Cairo-Egypt will be analyzed in details. A simulation model that calculates the electrical power output based on actual data at the site with respect to changes in the environmental parameters for both PV and wind energy systems will be introduced. The model was implemented using Matlab® m-file to accommodate any location in the world. The integration of the micro grid system with renewable energy resources will be an outcome of a development of the existing electricity networks towards a sustainable distribution network system. At the end the results is presented showing weather PV or Wind energy affecting the isolated operation of the micro grid.

Opportunities and challenges in setting up solar photo voltaic based micro grids for electrification in rural areas of India

This study presents a comparative environmental impact assessment of well water extraction systems employed for agricultural irrigation in Iran, focusing on two prevalent energy sources: diesel engines and grid-connected electricity. Utilizing life cycle assessment methodology, the research evaluates key environmental indicators, encompassing abiotic depletion, global warming potential (GWP), human toxicity, aquatic ecotoxicity, acidification, eutrophication, and photochemical oxidation. Data collected from 100 agricultural wells were analyzed to compare the environmental performance of each energy source. The objective is to provide policymakers with data-driven insights for the development of effective mitigation strategies. Environmental analysis revealed that diesel systems emit 1.34 kg CO2/m3, compared to 1.59 kg CO2/m3 in grid systems. While grid-connected systems avoid on-farm emissions, they suffer from high upstream impacts due to Iran's fossil fuel-dominant electricity generation mix (94%). The diesel system showed lower impacts in seven of eleven categories, including GWP, abiotic depletion, and marine ecotoxicity. In contrast, grid systems had slightly lower values in eutrophication (5.29 × 10-4 vs. 1.66 × 10-3 kg PO4 eq) and ozone layer depletion. The overall Environmental Composite Index (ECI) was 3.68 × 10-4 nPt for diesel and 5.77 × 10-4 nPt for electricity, indicating a 56.79% higher burden for the grid-powered system. The findings emphasize the role of local energy mix, pump efficiency, and transmission losses in environmental outcomes, suggesting that improvements in Iran's grid efficiency and a transition to renewable energy are key to reducing impacts.

This paper describes the connected photovoltaic (PV) power generation system's grid overvoltage protection function and summarizes the occurrence of the output power loss due to the grid voltage rise. Power injection from the PV system will raise the voltage at the power distribution line. A power conditioning subsystem (PCS) needs to regulate its output if the voltage becomes higher than the upper limit in order to avoid the overvoltage at the power grid. Thus, a PV system cannot generate electricity under the high grid voltage. There are 553 residential PV systems installed in Ota, Japan, for the demonstration research project of clustered PV systems. Measurement data of these 2.1-MW grid-connected PV systems are used for the analysis. Only the limited number of PV systems experienced a significant amount of output energy loss due to the high grid voltage in a particular day, whereas the other system's outputs also raise the grid voltage. The causes of this maldistribution of the output energy loss are the difference of the line impedance, the difference of the starting voltage of the PCS's grid overvoltage protection function, and the imbalance of the load in single-phase three-wire power distribution systems. The present control of the PCS successfully avoids the overvoltage on the grid but cannot share the loss.

The problems of the power fluctuation always occur with renewable sources of wind and solar energy that can cause many problems in grid system. A solution of these problems is using energy storage for reduction of power fluctuation. Mae Sariang, Mae Hong Son province, Thailand is an urban forestry area. This area has a PV power plant 2 MW connected to grid system without the battery energy storage system (BESS) and no regulations on ramp rate limit of distributed generation. In order to solve these problems, distribution utility and a PV power plant owner has cooperated to plan to install BESS. Therefore, this paper studies analysis and comparison 4 different technology of the BESS such as advanced Lead Acid battery (adv.LA), Lithium ion battery (Li-ion), Sodium Nickel Chloride battery (NaNiCl) and Sodium Sulfur battery (NaS) that is appropriated for installing in this system. The optimization problem is formulated to maximize the revenue gained from providing energy into grid system from operation of BESS with PV system on each ramp rate limit by using The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) and solved by using CPLEX solver. From simulation results, when BESS has installed, the fluctuation of power output before fed to grid system is reduced significantly. In addition, the highest revenue gained and payback period less than 4 years can get from installing NaNiCl battery with PV system in this area.

The paper presents a method used for designing a photovoltaic system, this using a program called the program “Calculator sizing photovoltaic system”. Depending on the electricity consumption obtained from the bill (on grid system) or based on the consumers used in the household (off grid system), the necessary solar panels are obtained, not before choosing the power range of the panel. Within the program there is a list of powers range, for solar panels ranging between 125 W and 480 W, being the most common on the market. It also includes suggestions for components such as solar panels, on grid or off grid solar inverter, bidirectional meter, solar charge controller, batteries, solar tracker, accessories, or off grid or on grid photovoltaic systems, which users can apply to determine the amount invested. Depending on the amount invested, the amortization period can be determined, but, for on grid photovoltaic systems, the amounts collected for the number of MWh delivered in the network are not taken into account, nor for the green certificates obtained according to the number of MWh injected into the national grid. Currently, for a delivered MWh, the amount of 39.90 €, according to the national course BNR, is received from the electricity supplier, a price that is regulated by the order of the National Energy Regulatory Authority (ANRE) or for each MWh injected into the grid, two green certificates are granted, worth € 25 each.

The usage of solar photovoltaic (PV) system in grid connected system becomes more popular nowadays. The major problem in using solar PV system is its instability and dependence of output energy. In order to stabilize the energy output and to get the smoothened profile, the power converter must be connected to the output of the PV panel. For this purpose the modular multilevel converter (MMC) is considered in this work. Moreover the system will not require a line frequency transformer due to the high voltage and high power capacity of MMC. The modular multilevel converter is considered due to this high efficiency and low harmonic distortion. The filters are connected between the converter and network to make the system efficient with no oscillation at the output side. The switching loss and total harmonic distortion (THD) is analyzed for different frequency. The simulation is carried out using MatLab and the results are presented. The results are verified experimentally.

Solar PV power production is one of the developing system in India under JNNSM. This paper proposed the performance and economic analysis of on - grid and off - grid system. This paper discussed about the power usage of building, panel required, Inverter rating, charge controller and battery analysis for both on-grid and off-grid system. This paper also analyzed the economic analysis and net profit at 6th, 11th and 16th year of on - grid and off - grid system and also comparative study carried out in both system.