Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis in tissues as a potent mechanism for preventive and therapeutic HIV vaccine strategies.

Abstract

While the development of a protective HIV vaccine is the ultimate goal of HIV research, to date only one HIV vaccine trial, the RV144, has successfully induced a protective response. The 31% protection from infection achieved in the RV144 trial was linked to the induction of non-neutralizing antibodies, able to mediate ADCC, suggestive of an important role of Fc-mediated functions in protection. Likewise, Fc-mediated antiviral activity was recently shown to play a critical role in actively suppressing the viral reservoir, however, the Fc-effector mechanisms within tissues that provide protection from or after infection are largely unknown. Here we aimed to define the landscape of effector cells and Fc-receptors present within vulnerable tissues. We found negligible Fc-receptor expressing NK cells in the female reproductive and gastrointestinal mucosa. Conversely, Fc-receptor expressing macrophages were highly enriched in most tissues, but neutrophils mediated superior antibody-mediated phagocytosis. Modifications in Fc domain of VRC01 antibody increased phagocytic responses in both phagocytes. These data suggest that non-ADCC mediated mechanisms, such as phagocytosis and neutrophil activation, are more likely to play a role in preventative vaccine or reservoir-eliminating therapeutic approaches.