Abstract
This study investigated the fate of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in an oxic-settling-anoxic (OSA) process consisting of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with external aerobic/anoxic and anoxic reactors. OSA did not negatively affect TrOC removal of the SBR. Generally, low TrOC removal was observed under anoxic and low substrate conditions, implicating the role of co-metabolism in TrOC biodegradation. Several TrOCs that were recalcitrant in the SBR (e.g., benzotriazole) were biodegraded in the external aerobic/anoxic reactor. Some hydrophobic TrOCs (e.g., triclosan) were desorbed in the anoxic reactor possibly due to loss of sorption sites through volatile solids destruction. In OSA, the sludge was discharged from the aerobic/anoxic reactor which contained lower concentration of TrOCs (e.g., triclosan and triclocarban) than that of the control aerobic digester, suggesting that OSA can also help to reduce TrOC concentration in residual biosolids.
Highlights
The combined extract was diluted to 500 mL with Milli-Q water, and sequentially filtered using 1 μm and 0.7 μm glass fibre filter papers
For electrospray ionization (ESI) positive analyses, the gradient was as follows: 10% B held for 0.50 min, stepped to 50% B at 0.51 min and increased linearly to 100% B at 8 min, held at 100% B for 2 min
For ESI negative analyses, the gradient was as follows: 10% B held for 0.50 min, stepped to 60% B at 0.51 min and increased linearly to 100% B at 8 min, held at 100% B for 3 min
Summary
To obtain TrOC concentration in the aqueous phase, the supernatant (from wastewater and sludge samples) was diluted to 500 mL in MilliQ water, and sequentially filtered using 1 μm and 0.7 μm glass fibre filter papers. The combined extract was diluted to 500 mL with Milli-Q water, and sequentially filtered using 1 μm and 0.7 μm glass fibre filter papers These samples later underwent solid phase extraction (SPE). For atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) analysis the eluants consisted of milli-Q grade water (A) and 0.1% v/v formic acid in methanol with the following ramp at a flow rate of 700 μL min-1. Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Water by Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Analysis of Endocrine Disruptors, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products in Water Using Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. 105.9 81.8 77.9 93.0 64.7 96.9 79.4 80.3 79.2 36.7 360.4 199.0 260.8 208.8 196.7 211.7 184.6 169.8 187.8 211.8 132.9 214.9 249.7 213.7 253.8 92.0 136.2 185.4 149.7 185.8 160.8 158.8 163.9 114.8 140.8 120.5 126.8 120.9 159.8 125.8 159.8 35.0 141.6 34.9 133.0 132.9 n-octylphenol-D17 nonylphenol-1 nonylphenol-D4-1 PFOA 1 PFOA 2 PFOA 13C8 PFOS 1 PFOS 2 PFOS 13C8 butylparaben-1 butylparaben 2
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