Farrerol protects dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced Parkinson's disease by suppressing the activation of the AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways

Abstract

Neuroinflammation, characterized by the activation of microglia, is one of the major pathologic processes of Parkinson's disease (PD). Overactivated microglia can release many pro-inflammatory cytokines, which cause an excessive inflammatory response and eventually damage dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, the inhibition of neuroinflammation that results from the overactivation of microglia may be an method for the treatment of PD. Farrerol is a 2,3-dihydro-flavonoid obtained from Rhododendron, and it possesses various biological functions, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. However, the effect of farrerol on neuroinflammation has not been investigated. The present study uncovered a neuroprotective role for farrerol. In vitro, farrerol markedly decreased the production of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV-2 cells. This anti-inflammatory effect was regulated via inhibiting NF-κB p65 and AKT phosphorylation. Furthermore, we found that farrerol alleviated microglial activation and dopaminergic neuronal death in rats with LPS-induced PD. Pretreatment with farrerol markedly improved motor deficits in rats with LPS-induced PD. Taken together, our results indicate that the neuroprotective effect of the farrerol, which prevents microglial overactivation in rats with LPS-induced PD, may provide a potential therapy for patients suffering from PD.