Farmers' willingness to pay for private agricultural advisory services: the case of citrus growers in the Mitidja, Algeria

Analysing the socioeconomic and motivational factors affecting the willingness to pay for climate change adaptation in Malaysia

生态保护价值的距离衰减性——以三江平原湿地为例

Public willingness to pay for chemicals regulation policies in South Korea: Insights from socio-economic factors.

Domestic solid waste (HSW) management has emerged as a critical environmental challenge in urban areas of Vietnam, particularly in cities like Ho Chi Minh City, where escalating waste volumes and an overreliance on landfills pose threats to sustainability and public health. As HSW levels increase annually, the need for sustainable waste separation practices has become urgent. This study evaluates households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for proposed HSW separation services in District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, and identifies key factors influencing their decision to financially support such services. Utilizing the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), a widely used approach for estimating the non-market value of public services, we conducted a survey of 100 households to measure their WTP. Logistic regression analysis was applied to explore the impact of various demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors on households' payment decisions. Results show that the average WTP is 31.91 thousand VND per month, with household income, family size, gender, social pressure, awareness of HSW benefits, and the ability to perform HSW separation as significant determinants. Income and awareness of HSW benefits positively influence willingness to pay, while household size, social pressure, and self-separation ability reduce willingness to pay. Based on our results, we propose short- and long-term policy recommendations to improve community acceptance and adoption of HSW separation services. In the short term, policies should focus on educational programs to increase public awareness about the importance of waste separation and financial assistance for low-income households to promote service uptake. In the long term, promoting self-separation practices within residential communities can foster a culture of environmental responsibility, gradually reducing reliance on third-party separation services. This study contributes to the understanding of behavioral and socioeconomic factors in HSW management, providing a foundation for future research and policy development in sustainable waste practices.

Willingness to pay for watershed conservation: are we applying the right paradigm?

Purpose: Globally, many extension professionals and policy-makers are advocating fee based services, in addressing the fund shortage and sustainable provision of agricultural advisory services. Hence, the article attempts to expose the farmers' willingness to pay (WTP) as agricultural extension in Bangladesh is experiencing chronic fund crisis.Methodology: This study used contingent valuation method (CVM) for investigating farmers' WTP. Logit and Tobit model was employed to assess the determinants of WTP and amount willing to pay (AWTP) respectively. Besides, different qualitative methods were employed to have a deeper understanding of the research problems.Findings: WTP was conditioned by providing quality extension services at farm and/or home of the farmers. The study also focused on farmers preferred mode of payment, criteria influencing payment decisions and the type of services for which they are willing to pay. Paid model can contribute to quality extension services, if started with a market oriented commodity based approach accompanied by adequate crop insurance support.Practical implications: The study considered international experiences and national crisis in delivering extension services that provoke actions towards changing the extension policy of Bangladesh. The findings also prompt the factors that influence the paid extension service delivery for the crop farmers of Bangladesh.Originality: Although, many studies have been conducted on privatisation of agricultural extension around the globe, we are not aware of any single study on crop farmers' willingness to pay for the extension services in Bangladesh.

This study was designed to assess household water demand and willingness to pay (WTP) for improved water services in the Lowveld and Lubombo regions of Swaziland. Using both purposive and cluster sampling methods, survey data were collected from 314 households in the month of April 2015, mainly in three constituencies, namely; Siphofaneni, Matsanjeni and Somnongtongo. The study used the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to estimate WTP using a double bounded dichotomous choice elicitation format. In assessing the determinants of WTP and water consumption, the study employed both the probit model and double-log regression model, respectively. Results from the study showed that about 67% of households in the study areas were willing to pay the initial bid offered for an improvement in their water services. Generally, about 93% of the sampled households were willing to pay something for the improvement in water services. The study further showed that the estimated mean WTP for a 20 litre of water was E0.471. On household water demand, results showed that the mean daily per capita water consumption was 13.12 litres. Results from the probit model showed that household income, education, gender, distance and owning a backyard garden positively and significantly affect WTP. Furthermore, age, water quality and the initial bid offered negatively and significantly affected WTP for improved water. On the other hand, results from the double-log regression model showed that education, household income and ownership of a water tank were positive factors influencing household water consumption. In addition, household size, distance and years of using source were negative determinants of household water consumption. The implications of the study are that factors such as age, income, level of education, gender, distance and household size should be considered when setting domestic water tariffs and designing strategies on demand management.

This study examines the Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Crop Insurance in Ankober Woreda, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The study used cross-sectional data from 245 randomly selected farm households from seven Ankober kebeles. It used binary Logit model to identify the main determinants of farmers’ willingness for crop insurance. The result showed that the maximum mean willingness to pay (WTP) for crop insurance in the study area is 272.5ETB (6.054$)/season / 0.25hectar and their WTP ranges from 0 ETB to 3000 ETB/ha/per season. From empirical findings, 15 explanatory variables are used in logit regression model; nine variables have shown key determinants for farmer’s willingness to pay for crop insurance in the study area. Accordingly, age of farmer’s, farmer’s education level, TLU, Credit access, income from crop production, saving habit, Awareness for Crop Insurance and Information access are statistically significant variables that determines farmers’ willingness to pay crop insurance in the study area at 1% and 5% significant level. Thus, the policy makers should work on providing education and training, expansion of credit deliver institutions, encouraging saving habit, accessing more information for crop insurance schemes and different activities for knowing crop insurance implementation in the study area.

This study investigated vegetable farmers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for private agricultural advisory services in northwestern Ethiopia. Understanding farmers’ preferences is a crucial step for modernizing agricultural advisory services and transforming smallholder agri-food systems into a sustainable path. Discrete choice experiment data from 393 farm households were analyzed using a random parameter logit model (RPL). The results revealed that vegetable farmers are willing to pay for practice-oriented private advisory services. The result also showed the existence of heterogeneity in farmers’ preference for features of vegetable advisory services. Household heads’ educational status and age influenced preferences for advisory service features. The result is substantiated by the fact that merely 25.5% of the sample households acquired formal education. Farmers in general preferred extension services with frequent expert visits and practical engagement on-farm as opposed to digitized options that rely on short message service (SMS) and voice-based guidance. Additionally, farmers are willing to pay an ETB 120.89 and ETB 203.94 monthly fee for an extension service that emphasizes fruity and root and tuber vegetables, respectively, as opposed to leafy vegetables. The findings imply initiatives that push for commercializing agricultural advisory services should strive to achieve a balance between the practical application and digitization of extension services accounting for the heterogeneous preferences of smallholder farmers.

BackgroundThe introduction of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) has improved the diagnosis and treatment of malaria. However, any successful control of malaria will depend on socio-economic factors that influence its management in the community. Willingness to pay (WTP) is important because consumer responses to prices will influence utilization of services and revenues collected. Also the consumer's attitude can influence monetary valuation with respect to different conditions ex post and ex ante.MethodsWTP for RDT for Malaria was assessed by the contingent valuation method using a bidding game approach in rural and urban communities in southeast Nigeria. The ex post WTP was assessed at the health centers on 618 patients immediately following diagnosis of malaria with RDT and the ex ante WTP was assessed by household interviews on 1020 householders with a prior history of malaria.ResultsFor the ex ante WTP, 51% of the respondents in urban and 24.7% in rural areas were willing to pay for RDT. The mean WTP (235.49 naira) in urban is higher than WTP (182.05 Naira) in rural areas. For the ex post WTP, 89 and 90.7% of the respondents in urban and rural areas respectively were WTP. The mean WTP (372.30 naira) in urban is also higher than (296.28 naira) in rural areas. For the ex post scenario, the lower two Social Economic Status (SES) quartiles were more willing to pay and the mean WTP is higher than the higher two SES while in the ex ante scenario, the higher two SES quartiles were more WTP and with a higher WTP than the lower two SES quartile. Ex ante and ex post WTP were directly dependent on costs.ConclusionThe ex post WTP is higher than the ex ante WTP and both are greater than the current cost of RDTs. Urban dwellers were more willing to pay than the rural dwellers. The mean WTP should be considered when designing suitable financial strategies for making RDTs available to communities.

The study investigated consumers’ willingness to pay a premium for organic vegetables in urban centers of Region 02. Three classes of vegetables were considered – legumes (mongo, habitchuelas, and stringbeans); fruit vegetables (eggplant, ampalaya, tomato, okra and squash); and leafy vegetables (cabbage, pechay, kangkong and amplaya leaves). The price premiums for organic vegetables ranged from 21.15% to 22.73% for legumes; 23% to 23.34% for fruit vegetables; and 23.9% to 24.8% for leafy vegetables. The effects of the determinants of consumers’ willingness to pay a premium were estimated using binary logistic regression. The empirical findings indicate that gender, educational status, household income, visual appearance, labelling, product availability, knowledge, and awareness exhibited a statistically significant positive relationship with consumers’ willingness to pay for organic vegetables. On the other hand, age, household size, and price posted a statistically significant negative relationship with consumers’ willingness to pay.

Following are the consolidated main messages from Chapters 5.1–5.3:Estimating Willingness to Pay (WTP) for health insurance (HI) coverage is the only way to estimate the expected income of voluntary and contributory HI schemes. This estimate is needed to ensure that the cost of benefits packages remain within available resources, so as to minimize the risk of bankruptcy.Data on WTP are necessary to inform the design of customized HI benefits packages by consumers, notably by groups or communities.One approach to estimate individual WTP is the Revealed Preferences method (RP), introduced first by Samuelson, which involves studying actual purchasing behavior of products which are related to the product we are interested in. The assumption is that revealed preferences can identify the value people place on a product for which purchasing information does not exist.Another approach to estimate WTP is the Stated Preferences method (SP), which involves asking people what they would be willing to pay for insurance coverage that they do not yet have, and that may not be available in the market. SP has been refined into several techniques, and the one used most often to value non-market goods is called Contingent Valuation (CV). It consists of asking respondents the maximum amount they would be willing to pay for an intervention under evaluation (e.g. insurance).Most of the rural population in low-income countries is not familiar with the concept of insurance. Hence, it is challenged to reveal the price they are willing to pay for (insurance coverage) a product they have never before been offered or purchased.Field evidence of experiments with choice of package and price by groups of rural poor people in India points that they tend to converge toward consensus on the components of the benefit package and the price per person per year (PPPY), namely on the generally accepted declared WTP.It must be recognized that the actual level of their WTP could differ from the declared level. A first estimate of the gap between declared and actual WTP in community-based health insurance (CBHI) has been obtained from the evidence that households modulate WTP levels not by negotiating a different price, but by limiting the number of household members enrolled (at the agreed price PPPY) to reduce the total cost per household for HI. Initial evidence suggests that households enrolled only half their members in the first and second year. Longitudinal studies could verify whether the gap between the declared and actual WTP would diminish over time.Dror and Koren (2012) conducted a review of 14 experimental field studies eliciting WTP for health insurance among low-income persons in developing countries. They observed that the large methodological diversity reported in these studies made it impossible to identify a single “gold standard” method to elicit and estimate WTP.However, there was implied consensus that WTP must be explored locally, because there is no single “one-size-fits-all” option to determine the income side of different HMI schemes operating in different settings. Thus, estimates of WTP were based on household surveys. Collecting data with such surveys is both time-consuming and expensive.Several studies explored faster and cheaper methods to estimate WTP than surveys.Binnendijk et al. (2013) examined whether the relation between WTP for HI and income might be similar to Engel’s Law, an observation in economics stating that the proportion of income spent on food decreases as income increases, even if actual expenditure on food rises. These authors used data from six locations in India to check WTP expressed as a percentage of three anchors: overall income, discretionary income, and food expenditures, by calculating the Coefficient of Variation (for inter-community variation) and Concentration indices (for intra-community variation). They found that food expenditures had the most consistent relationship with WTP within each location, and across the six locations. This suggests that, just like food, HI is considered a necessity good even for people with very low income and no prior experience with health insurance. Thus, it is possible to estimate the WTP level based on each community’s food expenditures.On an average, WTP for CBHI was around 4.5% of food expenditures in the studied locations. Food expenditure information can be obtained through cheap and fast research methods, such as focus group discussions with target communities or from data published routinely and in the public domain.Nosratnejad et al. (2016) estimated WTP for HI on the basis of readily available data pertaining to GDP per capita, by using vote counting to identify factors which were consistently correlated with higher WTP for insurance: family size, education level, income, past hospitalization, and perceived poor health status. Their meta-analysis revealed that the WTP for HI among rural households in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) was just below 2% of the GDP per capita per household per year.

Cross-sectional data was used that was collected from 181 households in 2011/2012, to estimate households’ willingness to pay for improved water service in Nebelet. The probit model was used to identify socio-economic factors that affect the willingness to pay (WTP) of households. Interruption, delay in maintenance, irregular/erratic availability of the public water supply, the price charged per unit, the unequal treatment households face while collecting water at the public supply were found to be the pressing water problem existing in the study area. The descriptive analysis result showed that 96% of the sample households were willing to pay for the provision of improved water service. The Probit model showed that income, distance, water expense, bid, education, level of existing water satisfaction, marital status and sex were associated with households’ willingness to pay for the provision of improved water services. Indicating, in designing water project/policy socio-economic factors (such as age, monthly income, educational level) should be considered for successful water project/policy at household level. Key words: Existing water problem, contingent valuation method, improved water provision.

Aims: There are very few online motorcycle taxi drivers (informal workers) who are enrolled in the Work Accident Protection program, while online motorcycle taxi drivers have a high risk of work accidents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of income, last education level, and knowledge of the program on the Willingness to Pay (WTP) value of Work Accident Protection for Online Motorbike Drivers and to determine the value of WTP Work Accident Protection for Online Motorbike Drivers.
 Study Design: This study used Ordinary Least Square(OLS) and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM).
 Place and Duration of Study: The scope of this research is Go-Jek Motorcycle online drivers who are in Bandar Lampung for the 2022 time period.
 Methodology: In this study, Survey was conducted on 100 online motorbike drivers in Bandar Lampung city to get the results of this study. This study uses qualitative methods. To find the determinants of variables using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and used CVM to calculate WTP value.
 Results: The results of this study are that the variables Income, Education, and knowledge about the program have a positive and significant effect on the Willingness to pay (WTP) value for Work Accident Protection. WTP value for Work Accident Protection is IDR 10,800.
 Conclusion: Based on the regression results, it is found that the variables income, education, and knowledge about the program had a positive and significant effect on the WTP variable. Based on the results of calculations using the CVM method, the WTP value for Work Accident Protection is Rp. 10,800. BPJS Ketenagakerjaan must further increase knowledge about the program and benefits of Employment Social Security to increase the desire of workers to become participants.

Tourists’ willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation and environment protection, Dalai Lake protected area: Implications for entrance fee and sustainable management