Farinha integral de goiaba pode substituir parcialmente fubá de milho em dietas para piava (Megaleporinus obtusidens)

ABSTRACT: Mango (Mangifera indica) production is expanding in many countries, and its discarded residues have the potential to be used in the manufacture of fish diets. This study evaluated replacing part of the corn meal (CM) with mango meal (MM) in diets for piava (Megaleporinus obtusidens) in terms of zootechnical performance, plasma glucose, and intestinal enzymes. Piavas (n = 160) were distributed in a completely randomized design (four treatments and four replications) and were fed for 45 days with diets containing different levels of MM inclusion (0, 33, 66, and 100%). There was no microbiological contamination (mold, total coliforms, Bacillus cereus, and Salmonellasp.) in MM. The MM diet had higher total phenols and total tannins (P < 0.05). Diets with 100% of the CM replaced by MM reduced the growth performance and increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and plasma glucose levels in piava (P < 0.05). According to the second-order regression analysis, the optimal level of MM inclusion in the diet estimated based on weight gain and FCR was 23.68 and 19.75%, respectively (P < 0.05). The gradual increase in MM levels replacing CM in the diet reduced the activity of the intestinal enzymes amylase, lipase, and alkaline protease (P < 0.05). In conclusion, we recommended replacing 19.75-23.68% of CM with MM, which can be used in piava diets.

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fish meal with co-extruded wet tuna viscera and corn meal in diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Five practical diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein and 16.6 kJ g-1. The feeding experiment was carried out in a recirculating seawater system with fifteen 25-L tanks with 15 shrimp per tank. Each dietary treatment was fed in triplicate in a completely randomized design for 41 days. Percent weight gain (WG%), survival (S%) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated, comparisons of these parameters showed no statistical differences (P>0.05) among treatments. The shrimp almost tripled their weight during the feeding trial. Under the experimental conditions S%, WG% and FCR were either improved or were not significantly influenced by the replacement of fish meal with double co-extruded viscera+corn, except for a slight increase in feed consumption without affecting FCR. Hence, this product can be included by up to 40% in practical shrimp diets without any detrimental effects.

Sixty-six dairy farms (as average, 167.0 ± 106.5 milking cows and milk yield of 31.4 ± 5.1) were visited to identify different nutritional approaches adopted in dairy cows diet formulation. Forage, TMR, faecal, and milk samples from lactating herds were collected and diet composition, in vitro methane production, in vivo nutrient digestibility, faecal fermentation profile and milk yield and milk quality were characterised. A hierarchical cluster analysis was applied and six nutritional approaches in diet formulation corresponding with six different clusters (CL) were identified. The CL discriminated the farm feeding choices in the following nutritional strategies, based on high use of: (i) high moisture corn (HMC) and legume silage, (ii) compound feed, (iii) corn and soy meals, (iv) HMC and soy meal, (v) corn meal and protein compound feeds, or (vi) HMC and protein compound feed strategies, respectively for CL1 to CL6. The milk yield tended (p = .061) to differ among CL. The greatest (>1.60) feed efficiency was calculated for CL1 and 5, whereas the lowest (<1.45) for CL 2. The CL2 and 5 had the highest feed costs (i.e. 0.24 or 0.22 €/kg of milk, respectively). Interestingly, the high use of HMC or steam flaked corn resulted associated to higher farm performances. Particularly, HMC and legume silage (CL1), HCM and soy meal (CL4) and HCM and protein compound feed (CL6) nutritional strategies resulted more efficient and profitable, having the greatest feed efficiency, protein and starch degradability as well as income over feed costs. Differentiate carbohydrates in dairy cow diets seems highly convenient. HIGHLIGHTS Six different nutritional strategies were identified based on use of single ingredients and a great variability in both economic and feed efficiency was observed for dairy farms clustering into different groups The use of high moisture ear corn in substitution of corn meal increased dry matter intake, feed efficiency, milk yield and lactose content of milk, whereas the use of steam flaked corn reduced the faecal fermentations The in vitro methane emission potential of diets did not differ among clustered nutritional strategies

In this study, the effects of less-expensive protein sources replaced with soybean meal on growth performance, nutrient utilization and body composition of juvenile grass carp were investigated. For this purpose, a control diet containing 42% soybean meal was prepared. Cotton seed meal (CSM), sunflower meal (SFM) and corn meal (CM) were added to the experimental diets by replacing 100% of the soybean meal protein used in the control diet. All diets were iso-nitrogenous (40% crude protein) and iso-caloric (19.5 MJ kg−1 gross energy). Each treatment had three replicates, and 20 juvenile grass carps (3.5 ± 0.1 g, initial weight) were located in per replicate. The fish were fed to satiety three times in a day during 3 months at 26°C of water temperature in glass aquarium (45 l). The results of the study showed that the weight gain (308.6–448.6%), specific growth rate (1.56–1.89%/day), feed conversion rate (1.2–1.9), protein efficiency ratio (1.32–2.08), and apparent digestibility coefficients of protein (80.5–89%) or sum of amino acids (80.5–88.9%) were not significantly affected by the experimental diets, except diet CM. All of these values obtained for the diet CM were significantly lower than those of fish fed on the control, CSM and SFM diets. However, there were no significant differences between the lipid digestibility of the diets, and crude protein, lipid, and gross energy contents in the whole body of fish in experiments. In conclusion, CSM and SFM diets were highly utilized by juvenile grass carp, but not CM diet. These results combined with the remarkable acceptability of diets containing high levels of plant protein ingredients with identical growth performances of juvenile grass carp show clearly that dietary soybean meal level can be considerably reduced without any adverse consequence in terms of somatic growth and nitrogen utilization.

Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de concentrados energéticos e proteicos sobre o desempenho de vacas leiteiras Holandês x Zebu, com peso corporal de 452±77kg, de terceira e quarta lactação, 80 dias pós-parto e produção de 12,8kg de leite/dia. Nove vacas foram distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 3x3, em períodos experimentais de 10 dias, distribuídas segundo número de lactações, sendo os tratamentos níveis de farelo de soja (FS) em substituição ao fubá de milho (FM) (0,8; 1,6 e 2,4kg/vaca dia, completando para 3,2kg/vaca dia com FM), níveis de FS ou de FM (0,8; 1,6 e 3,2kg/vaca/dia) e silagem de milho como volumoso. Somente o consumo de proteína bruta se elevou com o aumento nos níveis de FS em dietas contendo FM+FS, ao passo que os consumos diários de matéria seca (MS) e das frações nutricionais aumentaram com a elevação do FS ou FM. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS e dos nutrientes não diferiram em dietas contendo FM+FS. A digestibilidade da proteína bruta (PB) aumentou ao passar de 1,6 para 3,2kg/dia de FS. Houve diminuição da digestibilidade da MS, MO e CNF ao passar de 0,8 para 3,2kg/dia de FM e diminuição do NDT ao passar de 1,6 para 3,2kg/dia de FM. As exigências de NDT e PB só foram satisfeitas plenamente com 0,8+2,4kg (FM+FS) e 3,2kg de FS. As dietas contendo FM não atenderam sequer às exigências de NDT. A produção de leite e a sua composição bem como o peso corporal e a eficiência alimentar relacionada ao CMS não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. A eficiência alimentar em relação ao fornecimento de concentrado decresceu quando se adicionaram níveis crescentes de FS ou FM. Tendo como volumoso a silagem de milho, o fornecimento de fubá de milho ou farelo de soja, nas quantidades analisadas neste experimento, não promove aumento da produção de leite ou de seus constituintes, sendo que a eficiência do uso do concentrado diminui ao se elevar o nível de suplementação.

Effects of whole banana meal inclusion as replacement for corn meal on digestibility, growth performance, haematological and biochemical variables in practical diets for tambaqui juveniles (Colossoma macropomum)

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização de farelo do resíduo de manga (FRM) (Mangifera indica L., var. Ubá) em rações para frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias de idade. Utilizaram-se 600 pintos machos, Ross, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, cada um com seis repetições de 20 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram da inclusão de 0,0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 ou 10,0% de farelo do resíduo de manga em dietas à base de milho e farelo de soja. Avaliaram-se o consumo de ração (CR), o ganho de peso (GP), a conversão alimentar (CA) e o índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP). No período de 1 a 42 dias de idade, não houve efeito dos níveis de farelo do resíduo de manga no consumo de ração. O ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar também não foram afetados pela inclusão de 2,5 e 5,0% de farelo do resíduo de manga na ração. A inclusão de até 5% de farelo do resíduo de manga na ração não afeta o desempenho de frangos no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade.

The effects of a partial or total replacement of ground corn with ground and whole-grain low-tannin sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) on zootechnical performance, carcass traits and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of broiler chickens

We analysed the effect on production and economic performance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei of isoproteic diets substituting fishmeal by 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% with mixtures of wheat, soya bean and cornmeals. In a laboratory trial, 10 juveniles m−2 (1.1 ± 0.1 g) were reared in 60-L plastic containers using a recirculation system for 90 days. Three replicates were used to test each diet. A commercial diet serving as a reference and the diet with the highest content of essential amino acids (50% substitution, 6.46 ± 1.1 g) produced significantly higher shrimp final weight (7.12 ± 0.9 g, P < 0.05). There were not significant differences in specific growth rate and mean survival (85.9 ± 0.2%, P > 0.05). In a pond trial, 10 shrimp m−2 (1.08 ± 0.3 g) were cultivated in 1.5 m−3 cages for 35 days, testing the diets in triplicate. Final weight was significantly higher (P < 0.05) when 100% substitution was used (10.89 ± 0.24 g), while survival did not differ significantly among diets (P > 0.05). The optimal level of substitution was estimated at 86.0%. Apparently, nutrients contained in the diets combined well with natural feed available in the pond, up to a point where 7.3% of fishmeal inclusion is recommended. An economic analysis showed that 100% substitution produced the best results. We conclude that mixtures of wheat, corn and soya meals are potential alternatives to replace fishmeal effectively in diets for L. vannamei.

4 Abstract: An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of substitution of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens fermented tapioca by-products for some of corn meal in the diets on the performance of broilers and ducklings. 200 unsexed day old broiler chicks and 200 male day old ducklings were randomly allocated into 40 pens (teen chicks or duckling/pen). This experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with five dietary treatments (0, 10,20, 30 and 40% for broilers and 0, 30, 40, 50 and 60% for ducklings) of fermented by-product tapioca in diets and four replications. Measured variables were those of fee d consumption, average body weight gain, feed conversion and carcass percentage. Results of experiment indicated that feed consumption, average body weight gain, feed conversion and carcass percentage were not affected (p>0.05) by levels of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens fermented tapioca by-products in the diets for broilers. However average body weight gain was affected (p<0.05) and feed conversion were highly affected (p<0.01) by levels of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens fermented tapioca by-products in the diets for ducklings. Increasing levels of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by products of tapioca up to 60% in diets of duckling s increased their body weight gain and reduced their feed conversion. In conclusion, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens- fermented tapioca by-products can be included up to 40% in diets (replace 67% corn meal) for broilers and up to 60% in diets for ducklings (replace 100% corn meal).

Crude glycerin and cottonseed cake replacing common energy and protein sources on the metabolism of feedlot lambs

Banana (Musa acuminata) by-products and other agricultural residues such as rice straw and sugarcane top are abundant in the southern part of China, but most of them are wasted and discarded. Under this experiment, several silages containing banana by-products with other crop residues were investigated for their fermentation characteristics and feeding values to beef cattle. There were three treatments (T) as follows: T1 = fresh banana by-products (FBBP) + 4% cornmeal (CM), T2 = FBBP + rice straw (RS) at 70:30 (fresh weight), T3 = FBBP + sugarcane top (SCT) at 70:30 (fresh weight). Twenty-one beef cattle bulls (220 ± 15kg body weight) were randomly assigned to 3 groups and assigned to one of three silage treatments in a total feeding period of 237days. Results revealed that all of the three silage mixtures had a good fermentative profile with lower pH and higher organic acids. The FBBP + CM group significantly increased DM, CP, EE, and Ca content (P <0.05), while decreased ash, NDF, ADF, ADL, and condensed tannins (CT) content (P < 0.01). Significant effects on weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were observed at the end of the experiment (P < 0.05). The FBBP + CM group also had the greatest total weight gain at 109kg/head, twice of the FBBP + RS group (P = 0.001), as well as the greatest average daily weight gain at 0.48kg/head/day, followed by the FBBP + SCT group at 0.30kg/head/day and the FBBP + RS group at 0.27kg/head/day, respectively. Cattle fed FBBP + CM silage mixture diet had better feed efficiency than the cattle fed with the other mixtures (P < 0.001). Results of body measurements showed that cattle consumed FBBP + CM silage mixture tended to have a greater body diagonal length, height at the hip, hip width, and rump length than those either consumed FBBP + RS or FBBP + SCT (P < 0.05). The findings showed promising results of banana by-products silage with other agricultural crop residues to be used for increasing beef cattle production in southern China.

Context The feeding of pigs raised in an intensive system has been made, in general, with rations formulated using corn and soybean meal as the main ingredients. Brown rice bran, a by-product of the processing of rice grains for human consumption, presents itself as an alternative for total or partial replacement. Aims The objective of the present study was to observe the effects of including 10% of whole rice bran (WRB), adding 0.02% exogenous multienzyme complex (MC) and changing the levels of metabolisable energy and available phosphorus (ME.aP) together in rations for newly weaned piglets. Methods Digestibility and metabolisability of the rations, as well as zootechnical performance, were evaluated using 24 and 144 animals respectively, distributed in randomised blocks in time, with eight treatments, in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme. Three repetitions were used in the metabolism essay, with one animal housed per cage, and six repetitions were made in the performance test, with three animals per stall, which was considered the experimental unit. Digestibility and metabolisability coefficients, weight gain and feed intake, as well as feed efficiency, were evaluated. Key results The results showed that the inclusion of WRB reduced the digestibility and metabolisability coefficients of the rations, while the addition of MC provided an improvement in these indexes. The performance test showed that the inclusion of WRB worsened (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the feed efficiency. Conclusions and implications The multienzyme complex improves the digestibility and metabolisability of experimental rations, although it does not influence the performance of piglets in the nursery phase.

Effects of dietary fermented sweet potato residue on growth performance and cecal microbiota in sichuan white geese during the finisher period (28 to 70 days of age).

Effects of different levels of dietary cyanocobalamin on growth, liver cyanocobalamin concentration, antioxidant capacity, intestinal enzymes and non-specific immune response for optimum inclusion in the commercial feeds of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch)