Family Matters: The Policies and Practices of Mothers’ Allowances in New Brunswick, 1944-1966

Bumham's theory of the policy consequences of realignments is applied to social welfare legislation during the New Deal realignment and its aftermath. As predicted, social welfare legislation does emerge as a direct response to the depression. The most clearly nonincremental programs were passed during the height of the realigning era (1935-38) and little nonincremental legislation passed during the remaining years under study. Throughout the 1930s, the increased issue distance between the parties was reflected in highly partisan voting alignments on non-labor social welfare legislation. During the 1940s, centrifugal constituency related forces reasserted themselves. By the 80th Congress, a single dominant and highly stable social welfare dimension had developed. Southern Democrats, who had been highly supportive of social welfare legislation during the 1930s, were now the least supportive regional grouping within the Democratic party. Northeastern Republicans, once the most conservative segment of the Republican party, became the most supportive while west north central Republicans followed the opposite path.

Subject. The social welfare for families with children is actively evolving in Russia. Its social and legislative framework is advanced as well, promoting the respective organizational, material and technological basis. The technology for assisting and supporting the said category is renewed. The fundamental renewal of social support practices for families with children depends on the adoption of the new social welfare legislation. Objectives. We analyze processes renewing the social welfare for families with children and articulate what specifically can be done to support them. Methods. The study involves a set of general research methods, including logic, systems, comparative, functional, statistical and sociological ones. Results. We determined how it is possible to shift from social servicing to strengthening reproductive and educational opportunities of families, especially young ones. This implies various aspects and mechanisms for assistance by type of family, their problems and needs. The article demonstrates the transition from socio-economic support to socio-cultural, socio-educational, socio-psychological servicing. The fundamental renewal of various social servicing practices was found to result in a growing role of non-governmental sector. Conclusions and Relevance. Implementing and developing a personalized servicing program, as a new simplified service procedure, is a promising step to enhance the efficiency and quality of social welfare services. In Russia, the social welfare system can be mainly updated by activating the social activity of profit-making and non-profit entities. Self-help, self-organization of families seem to be the most promising trends, as the social welfare system is being technologically reshaped.

The essay deals with the existing separation of the German <italic>Sozialgerichte</italic> (courts for social security law) and administrative courts and their respective procedural laws which has been debated in Germany for many years. The article argues in favour of a comprehensive discussion of the issue whether or not their separation is justified or even required by the needs and functions of modern social welfare and security legislation, and seeks to move away from a discussion that examines purely formal aspects, such as costs and the flexible assignment of judges. To do so, it examines the main arguments for the status quo which, upon closer examination, turn out to be unconvincing. Separating the jurisdictions is not required by the differences that exist in the respective procedural laws, and also ignores the existence of common principles. Beyond that, the detachment is detrimental to the integrative commitment of social welfare legislation to constitutional law, to the consistent resolution of cases involving European Union law, and to the principled distance between the courts and the systems of social security that they control. Furthermore, the separation of the jurisdictions has led to a different anthropological premise and to a separate development of social welfare legislation and general administrative law. In light of the changing demographic background, the overlapping problems of social welfare and security (such as family benefits and risk-management for large population groups) cannot be solved by additional segregation and specialisation, but only by improved integrative approaches. Both sides stand to benefit from reintegration.

This paper surveys references to the family in social legislation, with more specific regard to social security schemes providing coverage to a broad section of the population. Such references are seen as involving two types of questions. First, do statutory references to the family invoke a definite concept of the family cell ? And second, in what ways do family relationships influence one's position under social security legislation ? Thus the first part of the paper is an attempt to elucidate the concept of the family underlying social security legislation. This is done by considering the legislative treatment of three components of family relationships, which seem to play, either separately or in conjunction, a particularly significant role in statutes of this type : the network of interpersonal relationships that are included in the family, the concept of dependency, and the consequences attributed to cohabitation. The second part of the paper surveys the impact of family relationships on rights and duties under social security legislation. This part opens with a broad description of social legislation generally, followed by a threefold classification of social security schemes according to the type of economic hazard against which compensation is provided: loss of income, lack of income, increase in needs. The impact of family relationships in each group of statutes is then brought under detailed analysis, and a number of anomalies are pointed out. The general picture disclosed by the paper is one of severe confusion, both as to the concept of the family itself and as to the impact of family relationships on social security benefits. While inconsistencies of the latter kind may be explained and justified in a number of cases, it seems desirable that a single concept of the family be adhered to in all social security statutes. This, however, should not preclude variations where warranted by the policy of the Act, general standards of morality, or the particular purpose sought by statutory reference to family relationships.

Background In the context of scarce health care resources, national policies and legislation increasingly advocate patients’ personal responsibility for their ill health. This report aims at studying the concept of personal responsibility as a basis for resources prioritisation in Bulgarian health and social legislation. Methods Official normative documents were subjected to content and comparative analysis. Results Indirect personal responsibility can be found in the Bulgarian Health Act, Art.94 stating the duty of the patient to take care of his own health. Further, in the liver transplant algorithm of the Recipient Selection Ordinance, it is possible to distinguish a hidden criterion of patient's responsibility. One possible interpretation of Article 12 of the Code of Professional Ethics of Physicians in Bulgaria is the right of a physician to refuse medical care on the grounds of lack of trust due to patient's non-compliance with prescriptions. The latter correlates with the idea of prospective responsibility. Direct personal retrospective responsibility is imputed in the Health Insurance Act, Art. 111, where persons who themselves have damaged their health or in a state of alcoholic intoxication or drug abuse have damaged the health of others, must reimburse the costs of the NHIF. We also find clearly defined personal responsibility in the Social Security Code, Art. 46, according to which monetary compensation for temporary incapacity is not paid to insured persons who intentionally damage their health. There is no official data on the applicability of these legal norms. Conclusions Although in a less categorical form and not in relation to access to specific planned treatments, the idea of the personal responsibility is embodied in the Bulgarian legislation. It is necessary to accumulate further data on the applicability of these norms, as well as to study the views of patients, users of social services, professionals and general public. Key messages • Personal responsibility is gradually entering Bulgarian legislation as an official criterion for the allocation of social and health resources. • It is necessary to accumulate further data on the applicability of the prescribed legal norms, as well as to study the views of patients, users of social services, professionals and general public.

The paper deals with the recent) the two past decades) development of Finnish legislation concerning the child. It is shown that children grow up more and more commonly in more than one single family. Additionally, family forms other than the nuclear family based on the marriage of the child’s parents have become more widespread as the child’s growth environment. Social welfare legislation has reacted to these changes by a tendency to consider the child as an independent object of measures and an independent receipient of rights. Also in family legislation a similar—but less marked—tendency may be observed. The authors assume that the “legislative lag” in family legislation as compared with social welfare legislation may be understood as follows: social welfare legislation deals with the distribution of material benefits whereas family legislation may be seen as codifying socio-ethical evaluations concerning the family. The diffusion of overtly moral innovations thus seems to be much slower than the diffusion of innovations with a primarily material contents.

Recent years have seen a rise in the popularity of the consumption of sports-related supplements. However, the hypothesis is raised that it is necessary to analyze the quality aspects of these supplements in relation to the information provided on the label, to avoid associated risks and obtain the greatest possible benefit from their consumption. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to carry out an analysis or screening of the protein supplements that are currently marketed in Spain. We analyzed the labels of 52 protein sports supplements available both in physical stores and online. The analysis consisted of addressing three relevant aspects considering the labeling: (a) the legislative framework in which the supplements are marketed, (b) the quality of the protein, and (c) the presence of other ingredients according to the specifications of the label. In the legislative context, there do not seem to be any specific regulations to guarantee consumer protection, which can lead to unfair practices and misleading advertising. Most of the supplements analyzed to comply with the requirements of their current regulations. However, claims about their benefits that are not allowed under European legislation have been found in some of them. Regarding composition and according to label information, the supplements have been found to provide a sufficient dose of protein in terms of recommended protein intake per serving. Regarding the presence of other ingredients and according to the information on the label, most of them, except for egg supplements, contain other ingredients. Colostrum was also found in one of the supplements evaluated. The conclusions of the study reveal that, due to a lack of knowledge or misleading advertising practices, supplements are often not used properly. The information provided is essential for both professionals and consumers to avoid the risks associated with consumption, such as unintentional doping, interactions between ingredients that reduce the quality of the supplement, and consumption of supplements inappropriately, among others.

This phenomenological study aims to explore the dual responsibilities of auditors within the social welfare system while also examining the complex interplay between compliance with social welfare regulations and exposure to liability under Islamic jurisprudence. The study is contextualized within the context of social security fund legislation, where auditors are increasingly expected to maintain ethical behaviour that is compliant with Sharia law amidst an ambiguous regulatory framework. Using the Heckman selection model, the study examines the relationship between public entity ownership in social security funds and the risks arising from related compliance issues. The findings indicate a strong inverse correlation between auditors' choices of receiving remuneration and receiving disciplinary action. The robustness of the model convincingly demonstrates the pressing need for sound risk procedures and internal controls that align with Islamic finance values, which emphasize trust (amānah), responsibility (mas'ūliyyah), and accountability (hisbah). This article fills a gap in the literature on Islamic auditing, which emphasizes that auditors should act not only as enforcers of the law but also as moral agents protecting public welfare assets.

Through the GMG (modified law of health system) the section sign 116b "out-patients department" was newly introduced into the SGB V (5(th) social welfare legislation) in 2004. Thus, the health insurance companies had the possibility to come to an agreement with hospitals concerning rare illnesses such as haemophilia. On this basis a care agreement was agreed upon in 2005 between the University Hospital Eppendorf (Hamburg) and three big health insurance companies. The result leads to positive changes for all concerned: The patients were offered an optimal care through the link to the CCC and this with an adequate compensation for the coagulation section for out-patients. As the therapy programme became more clarified, the communication between the parties involved became more constructive. With the law to strengthen competition (WSG) for the insurance companies, a change of section sign 116b of the SGB V (5(th) social welfare legislation) came into force in 2007. Thus the legal basis for the a. m. agreement was withdrawn. It is now the task of the a. m. parties to find a way to secure the advantages obtained through this agreement, to the benefit of the patients, the coagulation sections for out-patients and the cost bearers.

Social Security fulfils the general principles of protection of the needy through social assistance and social security, specific for the safeguard of workers. In Italy, according to the principle of territoriality of the insurance obligation, the non community worker is subject to the country's social security and welfare legislation. On 7 December 1984 an administrative agreement is signed in Tunis for the application of the convention on social security, between the Italian Republic and the Tunisian Republic, with the possibility for the Tunisian citizen to work in Italy, while remaining under the responsibility of the legislation on social security in your country of origin. Because of the political alternation of the Italian Governments, more restrictive guidelines have been reached, with the introduction of the limitation to equating to Italians only non-EU immigrants holding EC residence permits as long-staying guests, exceeding even the provisions of bilateral agreements including the Italy - Tunisian one. This has subordinated the provision of certain social security benefits, discriminating against Tunisian citizens and limiting the enjoyment of the fundamental rights recognized to Italian citizens.

Climate risks and weather derivatives: A copula-based pricing model

In this article the legislative environment within which South African Marine Spatial Planning legislation (MSP) was developed, will be examined. It aims to establish and support the relevance of indigenous knowledge and the role of indigenous knowledge practitioners in the marine spatial planning process from a legal point of view. It reiterates the state’s positive obligation regarding the development of environmental legislation and considers whether the state has met its obligation within the context of MSP legislation, thereby contributing to the correction of injustices of the past. It finds that South Africa’s MSP legislation falls short of the requirement of reasonableness in environmental legislation to the extent that it does not yet incorporate a requirement for the consideration of indigenous knowledge nor the participation of indigenous knowledge practitioners in MSP decision-making processes. This gap in the legislative framework is regrettable as these practitioners primarily belong to indigenous communities that were subject to marginalisation and exclusion in decision-making in the pre-democratic South African era. The author concludes by recommending amendments that may be made with regard to the MSP instruments to ensure that indigenous knowledge is considered and that indigenous knowledge practitioners participate in the MSP decision-making processes for establishing marine area plans.

UNTIL the recent special session of the general assembly, social legislation in Indiana had lagged for many years. There had been no serious and thoroughgoing official effort made for a generation to reorganize the public welfare and social security laws of the state. The drive, which culminated in the recent legislation, began with the emergency relief legislation in 1933, received added force when the report of the State Committee on Governmental Economy was published in February, 1935, and was assured of at least partial success when the Federal Social Security Act was passed and implemented by the recent federal appropriation for this Act. As soon as the federal appropriation was assured, Governor Paul V. McNutt appointed a committee to make the original drafts of public welfare and social security bills. 1 After about a month this committee completed drafts of bills for public health, public welfare, and unemployment compensation. The governor, in consultation with the president of the senate and the speaker of the house of representatives, then appointed a legislative committee, consisting of twelve members from each house, of which Senator Walter S. Chambers was designated as chariman. The legislative committee spent another month studying and revising the draft bills. Two days after their draft bills were handed to the governor, the general assembly was called into special session. Exactly two weeks after it convened, the three bills were passed and signed by the governor, and the general assembly went home. Although there is much yet to be done in social legislation in Indiana, the enactment of these laws is a long step forward.

An increasing interest has recently emerged in Britain in the organisation, character and development of planning systems within the 'Celtic periphery' (MacDonald and Thomas, 1997). This interest has been promoted by the Government's programme of devolution and a consideration of the implications of devolution for the operation of planning systems (Lloyd and Illsley, 1999; McEldowney, 1999; Tewdwr-Jones, 1999; Thomas, 1999). The planning system in Wales forms part of this review and continues to face a series of considerable challenges and opportunities that emerged during the 1990s (Tewdwr-Jones, 1997b). There are few detailed accounts of the development of the contemporary planning system in Wales and there exist even fewer accounts that assess in detail the various policy and advice instruments that have developed as part of that system. This account is concerned with one of the most recent planning instruments to be introduced as part of the planning system in Wales, Technical Advice Notes (Wales) (TAN[W]s or TANs). TANs were introduced in 1996 to accompany the revised format for the publication of planning policy in Wales in a single document. Planning Guidance (Wales): Planning Policy. The formal relationship between the TAN series and the unified policy document is described as one in which the policy document ?is supplemented by a series of Technical Advice Notes' (Welsh Office, 1999a, para. 1.1). The focus of this paper is to explore in further detail and in practical terms the role and function of the TAN series. Following a brief introduction to the legislative and administrative context for planning in Wales, an account is provided of the development of the modern British planning policy framework and the evolution during the 1990s of a separate policy framework for Wales. This account identifies the fragmentation of the unified policy framework for England and Wales, resulting ultimately in the system of Planning Policy Guidance Notes (PPGs) being replaced in Wales by a singular policy document supplemented by a series of TANs. The paper proceeds to define the terms ?policy' and ?advice' in order to assess the TAN series by an analysis of the function and content of the series.The legislative and administrative context for planning in Wales1One of the consequences of the wider programme of devolution and its effect on planning systems is that the singular reference to ?the British planning system' is becoming a less precise and valid term. It may be successfully argued that the term has always been ill-defined and used more out of convenience than as a proper description. The term has often been used in a practical sense to refer to the planning system as it has operated across England and Wales and testifies to the joint development of the planning system in the two countries. England and Wales have, for almost the entire history of the modern planning system, shared a common legislative, administrative and policy framework. Of these three elements, it is now only the legislative basis for the operation of the planning system that remains substantially intact and shared between England and Wales.2The administrative context for planning in Wales has been dramatically reshaped during the past five years. The first notable change in the context for planning was the establishment of unitary local government in 1996 to replace the former two-tier administrative system of counties and districts (Harris and Tewdwr-Jones, 1995). The introduction of a pattern of unitary local government is considered to have seriously undermined the capacity for strategic planning in the various sub-regions of Wales (Tewdwr-Jones, 1998). Dissatisfaction has also been expressed with the efficacy of the voluntary jointworking arrangements which are encouraged by current policy to address strategic issues (Welsh Office, 1999a, para. 3.7). The second fundamental change in the administrative context for planning has been the creation of the National Assembly for Wales. …

Civil Recovery of Criminal Assets is an in-depth analysis of the confiscation of the proceeds of crime in the absence of criminal conviction in Ireland and England &amp; Wales, more than two decades since the introduction of this civil/criminal hybrid procedure. This book considers the development of civil recovery in both jurisdictions, providing a comprehensive comparative account and critical examination of its legislative context and framework, judicial reception, and case law development. It leads the argument that civil recovery—like other civil/criminal hybrids—straddles civil and criminal procedure in a manner that takes advantage of the resultant legal ambiguity, to the detriment of due process, civil liberties, and human rights. Through interviews with practitioners professionally engaged with civil recovery proceedings, both in defence and in enforcement, King and Hendry remedy what has until now been a lack of empirical engagement with the operation of civil recovery in practice. The authors provide a blended doctrinal, socio-legal, and theoretical analysis of civil recovery in terms of its procedural hybridity, its ‘follow the money’ approach, its questionable compliance with the requirements of due process, its property-specific character, and its supposed pragmatism in tackling the problem of serious and organized crime.