Failure of irrigation projects and consequences for a different approach: a case study

Abstract

Two examples of irrigation schemes are investigated for reasons of project failure. In one case (Gwelwongo, Burkina Faso), this was due mainly to socio-economic reasons: lack of interest of the local population for operation and maintenance of the scheme. In the other case (Wawotobi Irrigation Scheme, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia), the main reasons were ecological: no thorough site selection and/or preparation for irrigated fields in a swampy area. The projects do not generate any or, at least, insufficient revenue, and, therefore, the investment cannot be paid off. Secondary effects are less easily detected and monetarized, but still have detrimental effects for the local economy. In both cases, the incidence of malaria among the local population increased by unknown amounts, and in Burkina Faso, schistosomiasis has become a severe problem. This means high costs for medical treatment and a loss of manpower due to illness, which again reduces the productivity of local agriculture. The proposed solutions are technical ones and consist of improvement of drainage and reconstruction of decaying structures. This, however, is no guarantee for success. A different approach to such projects is necessary which takes into account not only (and not in the first place) the technical aspects of a possible development, but to a much greater extent the ecological and socioeconomic parameters. New questions must be asked at the start of a new development project. Ecological aspects should not only be included in an environmental impact assessment for an already defined project, but must play their role in the feasibility phase, as they can give valuable clues about the potential and limitations of the site. Involving the local population in the development of the project seem crucial. The funding agencies should accept the fact that their involvement does not end with the solemn inauguration of the scheme. Technical feasibility should not be the only criterion for selection of projects, and “no” should be accepted as a possible and valid answer.