Abstract
The current study investigates predictors of reading abilities of adolescents in Standard Indonesian (SI). Reading predictors typically signify, with some degree of error, essential cognitive skills needed for individuals to read effectively. This is crucial since it forms a key part of the initial steps to assess or identify reading-related language impairments such as dyslexia. In addition to measures of reading itself and nonverbal intelligence, the present research examines six empirically motivated potential predictors of reading and decoding: phonological awareness; phonological short-term memory; verbal and semantic fluency; rapid automated naming (RAN); motor control; familial risk; and, self-reported factors. The results show that RAN is a dominant predictor among the other factors that were considered in adolescent SI speakers. The results also show strong support for the notion that the importance of RAN increases as children age. Moreover, it is consistent with previous studies that have argued that RAN is a vital predictor of reading development in transparent orthographies.
Highlights
The current study investigates predictors of reading of adolescents in Standard Indonesian (SI)
It is consistent with previous studies that have argued that rapid automated naming (RAN) is a vital predictor of reading development in transparent orthographies
Nonverbal IQ score has been normalized in accordance with the conventions of the Culture Free Intelligence Test (CFIT) (Cattell, Krug, and Barton, 1973) test, and the digit span is a raw score representing the longest length of number sequence recalled
Summary
The current study investigates predictors of reading of adolescents in Standard Indonesian (SI). As a longitudinal study by Michelsson, Byring, and Björkgren (1985) has already found, the consequences of undetected dyslexia (or late detection) can be severely debilitating to individuals. Examining potential predictors of reading in SI is a crucial preliminary step in the development of a dyslexia-screening test- part of which has been developed in Indonesia (Jap, Borleffs, & Maassen, 2017). SI may serve to be an interesting case study of reading predictors. While it uses the same Latin alphabet, unlike English, for example, syllables are highly salient units. Reading acquisition is not a well-studied topic in SI, and to the best of our knowledge, there is a limited number of studies on the relationship between a wide range of universal reading predictors and measures of reading in SI
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