Factors Influencing the Profitability of Agricultural Cooperative Members: Case of Tuzamurane Cyeza Cooperative, Muhanga District, Rwanda

This study aimed to determine the factors that affect the supply of chili and chili due to changes in the price of the supplied amount of chili. The data used are primary data obtained by observation and interviews directly to farmers chili. The analytical method used was multiple linear regression analysis and supply elasticity. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether there is the influence of the seed prices, fertilizer prices, the pesticide prices, and labor wages to supply chili. While the supply elasticity is used to determine the effect of price changes to changes in the amount of chili suplied. The results show the value of the adjusted R square of 0,497 means that independent variables such as the seed prices, fertilizer prices, the pesticide prices, and labor wages that can explain the variation of chili supply of 49,7%. While the remaining 50,3% is explained by other causes. F is obtained from F test count of 8,161 with a significance level of 0,000, meaning that the seed prices, fertilizer prices, the pesticide prices, and labor wages jointly significant effect on chili deals. t test results indicate that the variable the seed prices and fertilizer prices effect is not significant to supply chili. While the variable the pesticide prices and labor wages significantly affect chili supply. Price changes positively and chili is elastic to changes in the amount of chili supplied.

<span class="fontstyle0">This study aims to analyze the income of paddy farming in members and non-members of the community granary group, and to know the impact of the membership of the granary group on the income of paddy farming. This research was conducted in Bontoloe Village, Galesong Sub District, Takalar District, South Sulawesi Province. Sampling was done by two methods, first for sample of granary member using purposive sampling method, second fornon-member of granary using simple random sampling method. So the total sample in this study were 34 farmers. Data analysis used is the analysis of different test (t test) and multiple linear regression. The results showed that the income earned by farmer members of the granary group amounted to Rp 9,386,227.00, while the income earned by non-member farmers in the granary group was Rp 9,175,144.00. Differences in paddy production, revenue, and income levels between member farmers and non-members of the granary group based on t test proved not significantly different. Factors that significantly affect the income level of paddy farming are land area, paddy seed price, pesticide price, and labor wage. While the impact of membership of community granary group was not significant to the income of paddy farming. But simultaneously (land area, price of paddy seed, price of urea fertilizer, phonska fertilizer price, pesticide price, labor wage, dummy member) can affect paddy farming income of 84.99%.</span>

The hypothesis of the study were capital, coffee price, labor wages, and price of fertifizers significantfy influence demand for labor in coffee estate management at Padang Ulak Tanding sub district, Rejang Lebong regency. The cobb-douglas model was used for elaborating the objectives. The results significantly show that demand for labor was influenced by capital, labor wages; price of coffee in nurse ring while price of fertilizers was not In the planting, capital and price of fertilizers were influence the demand for labor while labor wages and price of coffee were not. Capital and labor wages significantly influenced the demand for labor while price of coffee and fertilizers were not in the maintaining activities. Price of coffee and capital influence the demand for labor but labor wages and price of fertilizers are not. Government has had to serious attention in terms of technical and management assistances through special programs in improving the best production and productivity.Key words: Labor demand, estate management and coffee

The study was conducted to determine the impact of farmers’ membership of cooperative societies on rice production. Against the backdrop that the promotion of membership of cooperative society among farmers would give them better access to agricultural inputs and consequently improve their income. Multistage sampling technique was employed to select a total of 310 rice farmers. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary technique and inferential statistics. The results revealed the mean age of the rice farmers as 48 years. Majority (92%) of the farmers produced upland rice, with a single harvest per year using mainly owned resources. Family labour was the most important source of farm labour in rice cultivation and about 60% of the members of the farm families participated in the family rice farm. The results further showed that 38.9% of rice farmers had primary education, 27.4% had secondary education, while 25.1% had no education. A total of 71% of the rice farmers were members of rice farmers’ cooperative societies, while 29% were not. The average farm size cultivated was 1.72ha and 1.64ha for cooperative and non-cooperative members respectively. The result also showed that there is no significant difference in the gross margin per hectare realized by farmers that were cooperative members (N90, 222) and the non cooperative members (N92, 986). The input-use structure showed that cooperative members were more intensive users of purchased inputs like fertilizer and pesticides valued at N124,555 per ha (about 41% of variable cost) compared to the non cooperative members valued at N57,647 per ha (about 22% of the variable cost). Almost all the groups were established to serve as receptacles for subsidized agricultural services and inputs rather than real producer organizations that seek to attract commercial providers of services and ensure efficient marketing of their farm outputs. Further revelation from the study is the fact that membership of cooperative society was found to be influenced by household size, access to extension services, number of rice farms owned, access of rice farmers to herbicide and quantity of rice output. The non-significant difference in the gross margin of cooperative and non-cooperative members despite the greater intensity of use of purchased inputs (fertilizer and pesticide) by cooperative members suggests the need for monitoring of rice farmers who are cooperators in order to ensure that the substantial inputs are rightly channeled.

This study aims to determine the factors that affect the income of soybean farming. This research was conducted in Kulon Progo Regency with the number of respondents as many as 50 farmers. This study uses the Cobb-Douglas profit function with the technique Unit Output Price or UOP of Cobb Douglas Profit Function ( UOP-CDPF). This research has been declared valid, reliable, the data is normally distributed, free from multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity problems, so that multiple linear regression analysis can be carried out. The results showed that the R2 value was 36.7%, so the variation in soybean income could be explained by the eight independent variables and the rest explained by variables outside the model. The results of the F test show that the independent variables of seed prices, NPK fertilizer prices, manure prices, Gandasil fertilizer prices, pesticide prices, labor wages, land area and the rate of adoption of GAP (Good Agriculture Practices) together have an effect on soybean income. The t test results show that the increase in soybean farming income is influenced by the increase in labor wages, land area and the level of GAP adoption. Keywords : Cobb-Dauglas, Profit Function, , Soybean, Income

Nepal government has prioritized cooperative development for easy access to agricultural inputs, the adoption of improved technology, and the development of a sustainable market. A study was conducted to compare and contrast the perceptions towards the safe production behavior between cooperative members and non-cooperative members in Anbukhaireni Rural Municipality, Nepal Milijuli Krishi Utpadak Sahakari and Akala Krishi Sahakari were purposefully selected for the study. Ninety-one (91) cooperative members were randomly selected and ninety (90) non-cooperative members were selected through convienence sampling. A convergent parallel method was adopted, a face-to-face method of interview schedule followed by the mWater surveyor application was used for data collection. The five likert scale technique was used to indicate the extent of the perception of farmers’ towards various statements. The perception of the respondents was analyzed using chi-square test, and the Mann-Whitney U test. Probit regression was used to determine socio-economic factors affecting farmers participation in cooperatives. The cooperative members had the nearest market distance (z=-6.99, p<0.01) and were more involved in commercial farming (z=4.40, p<0.01). The probability of farmers’ participation was 12 % and 4.3 % higher for the farmers with gender as head of the household (z=2.52, p<0.05) and farmers who have received training related to cooperatives (z=2.09, p<0.05). In the perception study, the cooperative members agreed with the statements of input supply situation, saving/credit facility provided, technology adoption, and adoption on post-harvest operations as compared to non-cooperative members. The cooperative and non-cooperative members showed differences in the marketing behaviours with the point of sale (2=326.98, p<0.01), mode of transportation (2 = 250.65, p<0.01), and the price determination (2 =288.042, p<0.01).Therefore, training on the importance of agricultural cooperatives especially targeted to females, farmers with large farm sizes, and farmers whose farms are a bit farther from the market was suggested for safe agricultural production. Moreover, widespread development of the agricultural market (if not collection centers) should be made for sustainable agricultural production.

Soybean is one of the important food commodity’s after rice which has a strategic position in the overall national food policy because its role is critical in Indonesia food menu resident. Needs of the community and soybean processing industry tend to increased from year to year has not been matched by the availability of sufficient soy because soy production in the domestic remains low. The constraints of national soybean production increased many faces, one of which is the low productivity of soybean. The low productivity because most farmers do not use quality seed varieties and crop management techniques are still not optimal. One of the main program the Ministry of Agriculture relating to technological innovation as an effort to increase production of food crops including soybeans is PTT (Integrated Crop Management) approach and is done through SLPTT (Integrated Crop Management Field School). However, the implementation is still faced many obstacles, mainly in terms of farming techniques that lead to the production and productivity of soybean at the farm level is relatively low so the income of farmers is also low. The objective of this study was to analyze how far the Integrated Crop Management Field School (SLPTT) Program can increase farmers income. The farmer population under study is divided into two, namely the participant farmers of SLPTT Program and farmers are not participants of SLPTT Program. By using the Unit Output Price Cobb-Douglas’s profit function obtained conclusion that SLPTT Program can increase farmers income. The factors that affect negatively and significantly to the income are the price of seed, the price of fertilizer, the prices of pesticides and the wage of labor, while the factor that affect positively and significantly to the income is land size. Soybean farm of SLPTT farmers are more efficient economically than non SLPTT soybean farmers.

The research was conducted at three centers of rice production in the province of Bali i.e. regency of Tabanan, Gianyar and Buleleng in dry season of 2011 and wet season of 2011/2012. Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire. The number of respondents consisted of 94 farmers non ICM-FFS and 122 farmers ICM-FFS with total respondents of 216 farmers. The distribution of sample respondents for each district were Tabanan district in subak Guama, Selanbawak village, Marga subdistrict as much as 78 respondents (44 ICM-FFS farmers and 34 farmer non ICM-FFS) ; Gianyar district in Subak Kumpul, Bona village, Blahbatuh subdisrict as much as 66 respondents (ICM-FFS 38 farmers and 28 farmer non ICM-FFS) and district Buleleng in subak Lebeha, Sangsit village, Sawan district as much as 72 respondent (40 farmers ICM-FFS dan 32 farmers non ICM-FFS). Relative economic efficiency and factors affecting low land rice farming profits were analyzed with Unit Output Price-Cobb Douglas Profit Function (UOP-CDPF) approach, which estimated using Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The result showed that the relative economic efficiency of ICM-FFS farmer was significantly higher than the non ICM-FFS farmers. Factors affecting low land rice farming profitability were price of N fertilizer, P fertilizer price, price of pesticides and wage of labor. The profitability of low land rice farming was higher on their own land, cultivated in the dry season and the farmers participating in the ICM-FFS.

Smallholder farming systems in Burundi are characterized by an integrated mix of cash and food crops. The dynamics between subsystems can influence the degree of complementarity and technical efficiency of their operations, particularly given seasonality, labor and input demand within the farming system. In this paper, we use survey data from households engaged in maize production in Ngozi province as a speculative crop given its contribution in terms of income and food security in rural households. The stochastic production frontier model was used to analyze the dependence of the difference between random effects and producers’ technical inefficiency on maximum maize production. The variables used for the production function are labor, capital and land, while the inefficiency variables are farmer age, gender of household head, household size, education level, access to credit, distance to market for maize producers, agricultural extension, cooperative membership, access to labor, use of organic fertilizer, use of selected seeds, use of mineral fertilizer. The results of the analysis give a gamma value of 0.54, leading to the conclusion that the gap between observed and optimum maize production is largely explained by the effects of maize growers' technical inefficiency. The results also show that the inefficiency variables introduced into the model contribute to improving the technical efficiency of maize farmers in the study area, with the exception of the variables distance to the market for maize farmers, access to labor, and use of mineral fertilizer. The average technical efficiency score for maize farmers in the study area is 72%, meaning that on average, maize farmers are operating at 72% of their production capacity; their technical inefficiency is 28%. They can still increase their maize production by 28% at no extra cost. Thus, we found that maize production in the study area is a highly capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive activity, as the "capital" variable is positive and significantly correlated with maize production.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of fertilizer prices, herbicide prices, stimulant prices, labor wages, production, and land rental costs on farmers’ income. This research was conducted in Morowali Utara District, Central Sulawesi Province. The selection of the research location was done purposively. The research was carried out in March-April 2025. The research method used was the survey method. The determination of the sample respondents was done using quota sampling with consideration of the extent of the rubber plantation in the selected village. A total of 100 respondents were taken as samples. The analysis method used was the Unit Output Price (UOP) function derived from the Cobb-Douglas production function. The research variables consist of the dependent variable (Y), which is farmers’ income, and several independent variables including fertilizer prices (X1), herbicide prices (X2), stimulant prices (X3), labor wages (X4), production (X5), and land rental costs (X6). From the research results, it can be concluded that there is a simultaneous effect of fertilizer prices, herbicide prices, stimulant prices, labor wages, production, and land rental costs on farmers’ income. Partially, fertilizer prices, herbicide prices, and stimulant prices do not significantly affect farmers’ income, but labor wages, production, and land rental costs do have a significant real effect on farmers’ income.

Agriculture is the center stage in the economic policy development of Ethiopia. The agricultural sector in Ethiopia is characterized by low maize productivity due to backward technology adoption. Agriculture plays a crucial role in the economic development of a country; without achieving substantial enhancement in agricultural production and productivity, no country has moved to the take-off stage of economic development. The general objective of the study is to assess the determinants of maize crop productivity in the Gudeya Bila District. The study aims to investigate the determinants of maize productivity in the study area. The primary and secondary data were collected from 100 maize growers in the study location during 2018/19. Descriptive statistics and econometric methods were developed for the data analysis. Qualitative and quantitative primary data were developed. To get the required primary data questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions were used. For the data analysis, Ordinary Least Square Model (OLS) was employed. The study found that sex, landholding, number of oxen, fertilizers, family size, educational status, the fair price of output, and improved seed were positively influencing maize production and productivity; whereas age, the acidity of land, and credit were negatively influencing maize production and productivity in the study area. The study recommended that the stallholder farmers should be enhanced the use of oxen, fertilizer, improved seed, knowledge, and fair price of output to enhance maize productivity. Therefore, concern bodies should give important attention to maize production and productivity, which in turn increase smallholder income. Keywords: Agriculture, Maize crop, OLS, Productivity, Smallholder farmers, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/12-7-02 Publication date: April 30 th 2022

This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of red chilli farming, the profitability of red chili farming, and factors that influence the profits of red chili farming and relative economic efficiency. Data collection was carried out in seven sub-districts, namely Sidomulyo, Candipuro, Kalianda, Palas, Penengahan, Ketapang, and Bakauheni of South Lampung District in September 2017 - January 2018. The number of respondents was 41 red chili farmers who were members of the independent Agro Siger Mandiri Cooperative taken by census. Data were analyzed using frontier production functions, income analysis, profit Unit Output Price function, and comparative analysis of relative economic efficiency. The results showed that the red chili farming is veryefficient technically. Red chili farming is beneficial for farmers. The factors influencing the profits of red chili farming are land size, price of pesticides per production, wages of labor per production, and planting groups. Economic efficiency of planting groupone is higher than planting group two. Key words: cooperation, frontier, income, red chilli, technical efficiency

This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of red chilli farming, the profitability of red chili farming, and factors that influence the profits of red chili farming and relative economic efficiency. Data collection was carried out in seven sub-districts, namely Sidomulyo, Candipuro, Kalianda, Palas, Penengahan, Ketapang, and Bakauheni of South Lampung District in September 2017 - January 2018. The number of respondents was 41 red chili farmers who were members of the independent Agro Siger Mandiri Cooperative taken by census. Data were analyzed using frontier production functions, income analysis, profit Unit Output Price function, and comparative analysis of relative economic efficiency. The results showed that the red chili farming is veryefficient technically. Red chili farming is beneficial for farmers. The factors influencing the profits of red chili farming are land size, price of pesticides per production, wages of labor per production, and planting groups. Economic efficiency of planting groupone is higher than planting group two.Key words: cooperation, frontier, income, red chilli, technical efficiency

This study aims to determine the income and revenue risk from rice farming inirrigated and non irrigated land are also factors that influence it. The hypothesisadvanced is that (1) factors that affect revenue and revenue risk rice farming inpaddy fields are irrigated and non irrigated land area, the price of seed, fertilizerprices, wage labor, the price of seeds, irrigation areas and varieties, (2 ) rice farmincome risk in irrigated land is lower than non-irrigated land. Data obtainedthrough interviews with 80 randomly simple rice farmers. The method used ismultiple linear regression analysis model with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) andthe analytical coefficient of variation (CV). The results showed that the area ofland, the price of urea, ponska price, the price of pesticides, and irrigation areadummy effect on income. While the risk is influenced by the land revenue, theprice of seed, the price of urea fertilizer, fertilizer prices ponska, pesticide pricingand superior varieties of variables. Income risk in the area of irrigated ricefarming was smaller than non-irrigated areas with kofisien variation of 0.83 and0.89.Key words: revenue, risk, rice, irrigated and non irrigated area.

The 2008 economic crisis made food price to be doubled and currently the Ukraine-Russia war has resulted to higher food prices and costs of agricultural inputs like fertilizers are, thereby, drawing significant attention from scholars. This study was aimed at investigating the linkages between fertilizer prices and categorized food commodity prices using monthly data from January 1980 to May 2023. Relevant data was collected from primary and secondary sources. The Zivot–Andrew’s unit root test, the Toda-Yamamoto time-domain causality test, and the frequency domain causality test were conducted for data analysis. Findings show that, at 5% significance level, grain prices induce the fertilizer price for all frequencies in the intervals of 0 to 3.14. This result suggests that there is both long-term and short-term causality from grains price index to fertilizer price index. In addition to this, fertilizer price causes the grains price for frequencies in the intervals of 1.08–1.64 and 2.71–3.14. These results indicate that fertilizer prices play a great role in predicting grain prices and have bidirectional causality with grain price. Furthermore, the empirical result from this study also reveals that fertilizer price index does not granger-cause the oil prices and other food prices for all frequencies in the intervals of 0-3.14, at 5% significance level. These results imply that fertilizer prices have no short-run and long-run causal relationship with oil prices and other food prices.