Factors Influencing ESL Learning Through YouTube Among Malaysian Lower Secondary Students

資訊系統發展中政治行為之意圖：以計畫行為理論為基礎之研究－MIS專業人員與使用者差異之比較

ABSTRACTAn extended model based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was used to study Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) students’ in-class participation. The model included the core TPB constructs (behavioural intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control/self-efficacy) and 2 additional constructs (foreign language classroom anxiety and face-saving) frequently discussed in the literature about Chinese EFL classroom dynamics. A total of 199 Chinese students enrolled in a Sino-American international branch campus were surveyed. The results of a partial least squares (PLS) path modelling analysis revealed that attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control/self-efficacy, and face-saving explained 46% of the variance in intentions to participate in English in class. Perceived behavioural control/self-efficacy fully mediated the negative indirect effect of foreign language classroom anxiety on intentions. Pedagogical implications and future directions are discussed for implementation purposes.

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) reported that unsafe sex is ranked second among the top ten risk factors to health in terms of the burden of disease they cause. HIV/AIDS is the reason unsafe sex ranks so high. Studies have also shown that the number of adolescents who have premarital sex is increasing. Unsafe sex can increase the risk of sexual transmitted disease, unwanted pregnancy, and suicide in adolescents. The study aimed to determine the associations between attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, equal gender relation, and media exposure, on safe sexual behavior among female adolescents in Karanganyar, Central Java, using Theory Planned Behavior. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 25 senior high schools in Karanganyar, Central Java, from December 2017 to January 2018. The 25 schools were selected by stratified random sampling, composing of urban and rural schools. A total sample of 200 female adolescents was chosen from by stratified random sampling, resulting in 8 female adolescents from each of the 25 senior high schools. The dependent variable was safe sexual behavior. The independent variables were attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, equal gender relation, and media exposure on safe sexual behavior. The data was collected using questionnaire and analyzed by multilevel analysis. The contextual effect of school, which distinguished rural and urban schools, on safe sex behavior was measured by intra-class correlation (ICC). Results: Safe sex behavior in female adolescents increased with positive attitude (b= 0.41; 95% CI= 0.14 to 0.69; p= 0.004), positive subjective norm (b=0.23; 95% Cl= 0.21 to 0.43; p= 0.031), strong perceived behavior control (b= 0.69; 95% Cl= 0.44 to 0.96 ; p<0.001), equal gender relation (b= 0.41; 95% Cl= 0.18 to 0.63; p<0.001), and exposure to media on safe sex behavior (b= 0.17; 95% Cl= -0.02 to 0.36; p= 0.085). The intra-class correlation (ICC)= 5.55%, indicating negligible contextual effect of schools. Conclusion: Safe sex behavior in female adolescents increases with positive attitude, positive subjective norm, strong perceived behavior control, equal gender relation, and exposure to media on safe sex behavior. The contextual effect of schools is negligible. Keywords: safe sexual behavior, female adolescents, urban-rural, school, multilevel analysis

The Hallo application, a mobile platform designed to enhance speaking skills by enabling users to connect with English speakers worldwide, has recently garnered significant attention among EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners. This study aimed to explore EFL students' perceptions of using the Hallo application to improve their speaking performance. The research involved 15 participants from the Foreign Language Academy at Universitas Muslim Indonesia, all of whom were EFL students. A qualitative research approach was adopted, utilizing questionnaires and interviews as the primary data collection methods. The findings indicate that the students generally perceive the Hallo application as an effective tool for improving their speaking, listening, vocabulary, and pronunciation skills. They reported that the platform creates a relaxed, pressure-free environment that fosters language learning, which may contribute to greater engagement and motivation. However, the study also revealed several challenges, including the presence of excessive advertisements and encounters with inappropriate users, which could potentially hinder the overall learning experience. Based on the findings, the EFL students demonstrated a positive attitude toward the Hallo application and recognized its potential for enhancing their English-speaking performance. These results suggest that mobile applications like Hallo could be valuable tools for language learning, particularly in fostering communication practice in authentic contexts. For future research, it would be useful to explore how the integration of such applications can be further optimized to minimize user-related challenges, such as inappropriate interactions and disruptive advertisements. Additionally, investigating the long-term impact of using the Hallo application on speaking proficiency would provide more insights into its effectiveness and potential improvements.

This study evaluated the effects of a continuing education class that applied the theory of planned behavior to the intentions and behavior of mental health practitioners. In 2006 a total of 94 mental health practitioners were randomly assigned to either a standard continuing education class or one that applied principles of the theory of planned behavior. The class topic was a brief, self-report tool that assesses felt need for employment among people with serious mental illnesses. Participants' intentions to apply the tool were evaluated before and after each class. Participants' implementation of the tool was measured three months after the class. The class guided by the theory of planned behavior significantly and substantially increased the participants' intentions to use the tool in comparison with the standard class. Significantly more participants in the theory-guided class than in the standard class (74% versus 42%) had applied the tool by the three-month follow-up. Among those who implemented the assessment tool, the participants in the theory of planned behavior class also assessed significantly more of their caseload. The theory of planned behavior can improve and may be well suited to continuing education in psychiatry.

YouTube can be a platform to facilitate sustainable English teaching and learning. This study aims to determine the videos that English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners tend to watch to learn English and their attitude towards using YouTube for a sustainable English Language learning. The respondents were the 6th-semester EFL students at one private Islamic university in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The data were collected through a questionnaire from 178 students adopting a cluster sampling. This study revealed the YouTube video categories as “always” watched by the EFL students to learn English were “Music” (M=3.71; SD=.52), “Talk Show” (M=3.35; SD=.76), and “How To” (M=3.28;SD=.78). Moreover, the results revealed that the students studying English as a Foreign Language (EFL) demonstrated a positive attitude regarding the use of YouTube as a means to sustain improvement of their English language proficiencies, as evidenced by an average score of 3.25 and a standard deviation of 0.44 (M=3.25; SD=.44). As a result, the students expressed the belief that YouTube could function as a valuable tool and an effective and sustainable platform for advancing their English language competencies. Consequently, language teachers should employ the use of YouTube videos as resource materials in teaching English as a foreign language making YouTube as a sustainable educational resource for both teachers and learners.

The disparity in the quality of foreign language education between urban and rural secondary schools in Kazakhstan has become increasingly prominent in recent years. Despite the national goal of achieving B2-level proficiency, students in rural areas often encounter obstacles that impede their language learning progress. These challenges stem from factors such as limited access to qualified teachers, inadequate resources, socioeconomic disadvantages, and geographic isolation. Although previous researchers have recognized these factors, there remains a gap in understanding the perspectives of English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers regarding the quality of language education. To fill this gap, this study’s authors aim to explore the perspectives of EFL teachers in both urban and rural schools. Employing a mixed-method research design, the researchers integrate quantitative and qualitative approaches through surveys and semi-structured interviews. They administer a quantitative survey online with 524 participants, comprising 313 urban teachers and 211 rural teachers. Additionally, they conduct 20 individual semi-structured interviews with EFL teachers from secondary schools in Kazakhstan. The authors investigate six key components of the language educational environment that influence EFL teaching quality: 1) linguistic (teachers’ language proficiency), 2) sociopsychological (teacher–student interaction), 3) methodical (teachers’ professional development), 4) information and communication (ICT knowledge), 5) intercultural (teachers’ intercultural competence), and 6) managerial (teachers’ involvement in school administration). By conducting qualitative analysis of interviews and quantitative analysis of survey data, the researchers elaborate on characteristics of these components of the educational environment that may underlie the observed disparities in language learning outcomes.

Mathematical abilities have been linked to positive outcomes and well-being in adults, although secondary school students in Western Uganda still exhibit math anxiety. Thus, the purpose of the study was to investigate the correlation between the antecedents of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and math anxiety among students in rural secondary schools in Western Uganda, Ntungamo District, Ruhaama County. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from a random sample of 578 students using a self-administered questionnaire. Data at the bivariate and multivariate levels were analyzed using Pearson’s Linear Correlation Coefficient and multiple regression analysis respectively. Considering the three antecedents of TPB namely perceived behavioral control, attitude and subjective norms, the study at the bivariate level found that all the three antecedents of TPB positively significantly correlated with math anxiety, thus supporting all the three study hypotheses. At the multivariate level, while all the three TPB antecedents correlated with math anxiety, the correlation between attitude and math anxiety was not statistically significant. Further, subjective norms were the strongest predictor of math anxiety in this particular context. The implication is that interventions with parental views and perceived usefulness of mathematics among students should be dealt with in order to lower the levels of math anxiety among students in rural secondary schools in Western Uganda. Article visualizations:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of YouTube as a tool for English language learning in secondary and university settings within English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts. The study included 81 empirical research journal papers published between 2015 and February 2024. The researchers evaluated article journals that met the criteria for inclusion in the review to gain insights into the utilization of YouTube in English Language Learning (ELL) in both university and secondary school settings, with a particular focus on its use in the EFL context. This study employed a simple statistical and analytical framework to analyze the existing data. The findings revealed that the most enhanced skill using YouTube was speaking. The initial number of articles obtained at the beginning of the process was 1054 articles. Then, screening was conducted according to the inclusion criteria and based on PRISMA, resulting in a final total of 81 articles. Calculations were performed by computing the effect size of each article individually and then averaging all of them using Microsoft Excel. The mean effect size from 81 articles is 1.24, indicating a very high impact on the use of YouTube as a tool for English language learning. The results also showed that the utilization of YouTube was categorized into platforms for producing content, flipped classroom, discussion platform, and media platform. Pedagogical and theoretical implications were suggested.

BackgroundWomen bodybuilders build their ideal physique by manipulating their diet, supplement, and exercise regimens to extreme levels. Excess protein intake and dietary supplement use is ubiquitous in women bodybuilders preparing for a competition, i.e., in-season competitors, however the impetus for these two dietary behaviors are relatively unknown. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been used to explain dietary behaviors. The purpose of the study was to examine how the TPB can explain protein intake and dietary supplement use in in-season competitors.MethodsUsing a cross-sectional design, an online questionnaire was developed, validated, and administered to collect dietary supplement use, TPB variables, and other measures from 112 in-season competitors. Protein intake was assessed using multiple 24-h dietary recalls. Associations between TPB and protein intake and dietary supplement use were determined with multiple regression analysis while adjusting for confounders.ResultsFor protein intake: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control explained 8% of the variance in intention; subjective norm independently predicted intention. Behavioral beliefs predicted attitude; subjective norm was predicted by trainer/coach, workout partners, and social media influencers. For dietary supplement use: intention explained 5% of the variance in dietary supplement use; attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control together explained 38% of the variance in intention. Attitudes towards dietary supplements use were predicted by five factors (not a waste of money, help improve physique, sustain energy levels, provide enough calories, help with recovery). Primary determinants of subjective norm were fellow competitors, social media influencers, and trainer/coach. Perceived behavioral control was predicted by three factors (ease of purchase, affordability to purchase, availability to purchase).ConclusionsTPB predicted dietary supplement use in women bodybuilders during in-season but there was little evidence for the prediction of protein intake using the TPB. Health professionals should develop effective interventions using strategies that align health education messages with in-season competitors’ outcome beliefs and collaborate with their referent others to influence safer and effective dietary supplement use.

Purpose New generation of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) offers a sustainable alternative for mitigating the environmental strain associated with conventional meat production by offering a substitute that mimics the sensory properties of meat itself. However, the success of a novel food depends on consumer acceptance. Psychosocial literature has already shown that the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the value-belief-norm (VBN) model are solid frameworks for understanding and predicting healthy and sustainable food choices. Design/methodology/approach This study tests the integration of TPB and VBN with green self-identity and food neophobia to understand the intention to consume PBMAs. To this end, 317 Italian consumers (Mean age = 20.70) completed a self-report questionnaire to assess the variables studied. Findings Structural equation modelling revealed that attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and moral norms, significantly predict intention. Notably, subjective norms influenced moral norms, and green self-identity positively affected attitude, while food neophobia negatively impacted intention. The data indicate that simply raising awareness or informing individuals may not promote lasting behavioural changes, especially for novel foods such as PBMAs. On the contrary, strategies based on social influence and leveraging moral obligations towards the environment could be particularly effective. Research limitations/implications First and foremost, given the gap between the intention to engage in a certain behaviour and the actual acting out of the behaviour itself, the lack of a behaviour measurement is to be acknowledged as the most pressing limitation of the study. The study has limitations due to its sample, which is not representative of the Italian population because it is skewed towards women and younger adults. Additionally, the study did not consider other factors that could influence the intention to consume PBMAs, such as trust in producers, meat attachment, and political orientation. Practical implications This study has practical implications for promoting PBMAs. The findings suggest that strategies focused on social influence and moral obligations could be effective in encouraging PBMAs consumption. Educational campaigns and workshops could highlight the ethical and environmental benefits of PBMAs while emphasizing social norms and expectations. Additionally, addressing food neophobia through strategies such as exposure and information provision may be necessary to increase acceptance of these novel foods. Social implications Findings suggest that social influence can shape individuals' moral perceptions about what is considered right or wrong in the context of food consumption. This highlights the interplay between social and moral factors in driving sustainable food choices. It is recommended that stakeholders take this into account by conducting educational campaigns or workshops that not only explain the ethical reasons for consuming plant-based alternatives but also emphasize how this aligns with societal trends and expectations (as for example, partnering with prominent community figures who advocate for PBMAs consumption for ethical reasons). Originality/value The study highlights the significant role of normative influences (subjective and moral norms) in predicting the intention to consume PBMAs, a novel contribution that can inform interventions aimed at leveraging social influence to encourage the adoption of more sustainable diets.

Cesarean delivery on maternal request is one of the important public health issues in China. Our study aimed to apply the theory of planned behaviour to comprehensively determine the factors regarding pregnant women's preference for cesarean section and to provide references for establishing measures to reduce cesarean delivery on maternal request. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted in four women's and children's hospitals in China from May to June 2018. Eligible women arriving for routine antenatal visits at these hospitals were recruited to answer a structured questionnaire. A total of 1853 pregnant women consented to participate in the investigation, with a response rate of 88.75%. Finally, 1677 pregnant women (984 nulliparae and 693 multiparae) were involved in the analysis. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were used. Of the study participants, 20.39% preferred cesarean section. For both nulliparae and multiparae, those who had lower scores of attitudes towards vaginal delivery, lower scores of childbirth self-efficacy and higher scores of subjective norms were more likely to prefer cesarean section. Pregnant women's birth preferences were significantly associated with their attitudes towards the delivery mode, childbirth self-efficacy and subjective norms, which is consistent with the theory of planned behaviour. Interventions to reduce cesarean delivery on maternal request can be developed based on the theory of planned behaviour.

Objective To verify the applicability of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in the physical exercise behaviors of rural adolescents in Sichuan Province, and to explore the possible influencing factors of physical exercise behaviors, and to provide a theoretical basis for further effective intervention measures. Methods A total of 2 302 students were selected from grade seven and grade ten of two rural middle schools in Zizhong, Sichuan Province. The survey was conducted with a structured questionnaire. Using TPB as the research framework and basis, the structural equation model was constructed for analysis. Results Lack of physical exercise was 1 527 (66.3%). Physical exercise behavior was statistically different among schools, grades ( t = -7.40, -2.90, 10.90, P <0.05), and genders. Based on TPB, the structural equation model was established and corrected to obtain the revised model, and the fitting index GFI = 0.93, CFI = 0.94, NFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.93, IFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.07, indicating the model fitted good. Exercise intention directly affected exercise behaviors. The standardized effect was 0.45(95% CI = 0.39-0.52). Subjective norms and perceived power were the main two mediators of the relationship between value evaluation and exercise intention. The standardized effect values were 0.66(95% CI = 0.57-0.73), 0.23(95% CI = 0.16-0.93) ( P <0.01). Conclusion There is serious lack of physical exercise in rural adolescents in Sichuan Province. TPB has a good applicability for physical exercise in rural adolescents in Sichuan Province. Subjective norm is the most important factors to promote exercise intentions. 【摘要】 目的 验证计划行为理论 (theory of planned behavior, TPB)在四川省农村青少年体育锻炼行为中的适用性, 探索 影响青少年体育锻炼行为的可能因素, 为进一步采取有效的干预措施提供理论依据。 方法 以四川省资中县2所乡镇中 学的2 302名初一、高一学生为研究对象, 采用结构式调查问卷进行调查, 以计划行为理论为框架构建结构方程模型进行 分析。 结果 体育锻炼缺乏者1 527人, 占比66.3%。不同学校、年级、性别学生体育锻炼行为得分差异均有统计学意义 ( t 值分别为 -7.40, -2.90, 10.90, P 均<0.05)。依据 TPB 建立模型并修正后得到修正的结构方程模型 GFI =0.93, CFI =0.94, NFI =0.94, TLI = 0.93, IFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.07, 模型拟合结果较好。锻炼意图直接影响锻炼行为, 标准化效应为0.45(95% CI = 0.39〜0.52), 主观规范与洞察力是价值评价影响锻炼意图途径中的主要中介变量, 其标准化效应值分别为0.66(95% CI = 0.57〜0.73)、0.23(95% CI = 0.16〜0.93) ( P 值均<0.01)。 结论 四川省农村青少年严重缺乏体育锻炼。计划行为理论在 四川农村青少年学生群体具备较好的适用性。主观规范是促进农村青少年形成锻炼意图的主要因素。

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the strategies, challenges faced, and experiences of science teachers and the scientific performance of students among rural and urban schools in Liliw, Laguna. This study aimed to answer the following questions What is the profile of science teachers in terms of Type of School where they teach, Age, Years in Teaching, Teaching Position, and Educational Attainment? What are the Strategies of Science teachers in rural and urban schools? What are the Challenges Faced by Science teachers in rural and urban schools? What are the Experiences of Science teachers in rural and urban schools? What is the level of performance of Grade 6 pupils in Science? Is there a significant difference between strategies, challenges faced, and experiences of Science teachers and the level of pupils performance in Science 6 in rural and urban schools? Is there a significant difference between the level of performance of pupils from rural and from urban schools? Is there a significant effect between the profile of the Science teachers and the level of performance of pupils in Science 6 from rural and urban schools? Is there a significant effect between the strategies of Science teachers and the level of performance of pupils in Science 6 from rural and urban schools? Is there a significant effect between the challenges faced by Science teachers and the level of performance of pupils in Science 6 from rural and urban schools? Is there a significant effect between the experiences of Science teachers and the level of performance of pupils in Science 6 from rural and urban schools? The respondents of the study were the forty-two (42) Science teachers and two hundred and fifty-two (252) students from the different urban and rural schools in the district of Liliw in Laguna. A descriptive survey method was employed in this study. The following were the significant findings of the study There is a significant difference between strategies, challenges faced, and experiences of Science teachers and the level of pupils performance in Science 6 in rural and urban schools There is a significant difference between the level of performance of pupils from rural and urban schools There is a significant effect between the profile of the Science teachers and the level of performance of pupils in Science 6 from rural and from urban schools There is a significant effect between the strategies of Science teachers and the level of performance of pupils in Science 6 from rural and from urban schools There is a significant effect between the challenges faced by Science teachers and the level of performance of pupils in Science 6 from rural and from urban schools and, There is a significant effect between the experiences of Science teachers and the level of performance of pupils in Science 6 from rural and urban schools. Based on the results gathered from the study, the following are being recommended: The strategies, challenges faced, and the experiences of teachers should be brought into consideration in improving the education system in the Philippines since they have an impact or influence on students academic performance, particularly in Science Discrimination between the performances of students from rural and urban is highly discouraged since there is no significant difference between where the school is located, whether rural or urban and, Implementation of such programs for teachers and students that are related to Science is recommended.

Existing literature has shown a disparity between the career aspirations of students from rural and urban schools. Unfortunately, no study has been conducted to investigate the differences in the career aspirations of senior secondary school students from urban and rural schools in Eswatini. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to compare the career aspirations of senior secondary school students from rural and urban schools in Eswatini. The target populations were Form 4 students, from eight schools in Eswatini: four rural and four urban schools. A total of 280 students were sampled. A questionnaire was developed and used for data collection. It was validated by three experts in the Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, one professional in the career guidance field, and one career and guidance teacher. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that the students from both rural and urban schools had their career inspiration to become medical doctors. However, the career aspirations of the students from rural schools were higher than those from urban schools in a few areas. Thus, the study recommends that career guidance and counseling officials should assist students from urban schools in careers where they have low aspirations. Keywords: career aspirations, comparative analysis, Form 4 students, rural school, sources of aspiration, urban school