Fact-checks as Data Source? Content Analysis of Fact-checking Articles in Germany between 2019 and 2023

Background/Objectives: The main aim of the paper is to assess the changing trends in E – Commerce, and to explore the futuristic enabling Information technologies and tools of E – Commerce. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The study is qualitative and descriptive in nature and most of the data is based on secondary sources of survey data. Such an approach is adopted in the study as the area of research is very broad and sources of data are also spread across multiple locations. Since this research paper is based on exploratory study and secondary data, content analysis is done. Findings: From the various sources of secondary data on E – Commerce trends, it is found that Information technologies have changed the ways of doing business and disrupted many business value chains. Customer Centric approaches (product designs, pricing), collaborative web content, glocalization, big data analytics are some of the emerging paradigm shift in E Commerce. The impact of Social commerce and Ubiquitous (Mobile) commerce on E – Business and especially online purchasing cannot be ignored by both B2C and B2B categories of Business models. Broadly the emerging analytics on E - Commerce can be classified into data analytics, network analytics and mobile analytics. The market is flooded with innovative products for managing, processing, and analyzing big data. Big data has helped businesses identify events before they occur (‘predictive analytics\'). Also, successful adoption of advances in technology has played a key role in development of new channels for payment initiation, improved authentication and efficient processing of payment systems. Improvements/Applications: Alternate use of big data analytics includes tax evasion prevention, smart transportation, congesting pricing, smart cities, disaster warning systems, smart agro supply chains, e banking, e healthcare, energy conservation, etc.Keywords: Analytics, Big Data, E – Commerce, Payment Systems, Social Commerce

The continued rise in youth unemployment evident from the surging cases of rural-urban migration culminating to social crimes, mushrooming of slums, HIV/AIDS and the never- ending vicious poverty cycle prompted the Kenyan government to change its education system from the 8-4-4 to the current 2-6-3-3-3 which is considered to take a more pragmatic approach to the teaching of vocational subjects such as Agriculture. With the 2-6-3-3-3 system being deemed fit to produce skillful youth who will significantly contribute to the economic development of the country, this study narrowed down to analyze the possible contribution of the competence-based agriculture curriculum towards promoting innovative agripreneurship among junior secondary school students. The study heavily relied on reviewing the most current and relevant literature linking competence based agricultural education to youth innovation and agripreneurship conducted for a 7-month duration between February and September 2024. Scholarly databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, John and Wiley, Taylor and Francis were used as the sources of secondary data for the study. The journal articles selected for the study were first verified to meet specified criteria such as written in English, have empirical data, focus on Competence-Based Education, agripreneurship and innovation among students and published in peer-reviewed journals. A total of 47 articles were used as sources of secondary data. In addition, content analysis of the grades 7 and 8 Agriculture and nutrition curriculum was also used as a source of data. The study established that Competency Based Agriculture promotes innovation and agripreneurship among learners. The study also established that the Junior Secondary Agriculture and Nutrition Curriculum covers much content promoting innovative agripreneurship. The study therefore recommends that teachers of Agriculture as the curriculum implementers should make efforts to implement CBA agriculture in a practical manner.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between corporate social responsibility disclosure and corporate governance characteristics namely board size, board independence, audit committee, ownership concentration and managerial ownership in Malaysian public listed companies.Design/Methodology/Approach – The content analysis was used to extract the CSR disclosure items from annual reports and companies' web sites. Then the CSR disclosure index was constructed after combining CSR disclosure items disclosed both in annual reports and companies' web sites. Econometric analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the corporate social disclosures index and the independent variables, namely board size, board independence, audit committee, ownership concentration and managerial ownership.Findings – Results based on the full regression models indicated that only one variable was associated with the extent of disclosures, namely audit committee. Audit committee are positively and significantly correlated with the level of corporate social responsibility disclosure.Research Limitations/Implications – The findings are limited to the context of the study and it was limited to Malaysian public listed companies, January to December 2011. The sources of the data in this report were companies' annual reports and web sites only.Practical Implications – The study is functional to organizations and statutory bodies to take into considerations in distinguishing the corporate governance characteristics that will enhance CSR disclosures, since it had been shown in previous studies that corporate social responsibility in Malaysia is low. The meaningful of company which should be willing to allocate their costs towards corporate social responsibility activities also can be determine by the government. Thus, this study will stress the level of activity through corporate social responsibility reporting in Malaysian public listed companies and helps the government to ascertain the level of corporate social responsibility activities through corporate social responsibility reporting among Malaysian public listed company.Originality/Value – The study reveals the extent of the disclosure of corporate social responsibility to companies' web sites and constructed the CSR index based on two sources of data, namely companies‟ web sites and annual reports.

PurposeMIS researchers have consistently adopted survey‐based research method while investigating MIS and related phenomenon, making survey‐based research method one of the widely used research method in MIS research. This study seeks to revisit some of the inherent characteristics of survey‐based research method with the aim of improving the quality, replication, and validation of results in MIS survey‐based studies. Additionally, this study provides information on the most prevalent analytical and statistical tools used in MIS survey research studies.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, the authors adopt the content analysis technique. The choice of content analysis is premised on the desire to investigate the sources of survey data, units of analysis, research methods, and statistical tools used in MIS research with the aim of improving empirical research in the MIS discipline.FindingsThe results show the prevalent sources of data, the dominant units of analysis, the most commonly used analytical research methods, and the statistical tools adopted by many MIS researchers. The results indicate that many MIS researchers get their data from US sources, although researchers are increasingly acquiring data from other countries. Also, the results reveal that most MIS survey researchers are using SEM, LISREL, and PLS statistical methods and tools.Practical implicationsThe paper concludes with recommendations and implications on how to inform and retool upcoming and existing researchers on the current and future MIS research tools and methods. Editors should ensure that MIS researchers provide as much information as possible about the sources of data, the dominant units of analysis, the analytical research methods used, and the statistical tools adopted; these will demonstrate the rigor of the research process and enable replication, validation, and extension of the research works.Originality/valueThe paper presents the results of a content analysis of 749 survey‐based research articles published between 1990 and 2010 in nine mainstream MIS Journals. Prior studies have broadly addressed aspects of MIS research methodologies like investigating MIS research methods, ranking them, and generated a taxonomy of MIS research methodology. The results of this study make a case for the reporting of, both, the analytical method(s) and statistical tools used by MIS researchers to aid in replicating, validating, and extending the resultant findings of their survey‐based research.

<b>Background:</b> Hurricane Isaac made landfall in southeastern Louisiana in late August 2012, resulting in extensive storm surge and inland flooding. As the lead federal agency responsible for medical and public health response and recovery coordination, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) must have situational awareness to prepare for and address state and local requests for assistance following hurricanes. Both traditional and non-traditional data have been used to improve situational awareness in fields like disease surveillance and seismology. This study investigated whether non-traditional data (i.e., tweets and news reports) fill a void in traditional data reporting during hurricane response, as well as whether non-traditional data improve the timeliness for reporting identified HHS Essential Elements of Information (EEI). <b>Methods:</b> HHS EEIs provided the information collection guidance, and when the information indicated there was a potential public health threat, an event was identified and categorized within the larger scope of overall Hurricane Issac situational awareness. Tweets, news reports, press releases, and federal situation reports during Hurricane Isaac response were analyzed for information about EEIs. Data that pertained to the same EEI were linked together and given a unique event identification number to enable more detailed analysis of source content. Reports of sixteen unique events were examined for types of data sources reporting on the event and timeliness of the reports. <b>Results:</b> Of these sixteen unique events identified, six were reported by only a single data source, four were reported by two data sources, four were reported by three data sources, and two were reported by four or more data sources. For five of the events where news tweets were one of multiple sources of information about an event, the tweet occurred prior to the news report, press release, local government\\emergency management tweet, and federal situation report. In all circumstances where citizens were reporting along with other sources, the citizen tweet was the earliest notification of the event. <b>Conclusion:</b> Critical information is being shared by citizens, news organizations, and local government representatives. To have situational awareness for providing timely, life-saving public health and medical response following a hurricane, this study shows that non-traditional data sources should augment traditional data sources and can fill some of the gaps in traditional reporting. During a hurricane response where early event detection can save lives and reduce morbidity, tweets can provide a source of information for early warning. In times of limited budgets, investing technical and personnel resources to efficiently and effectively gather, curate, and analyze non-traditional data for improved situational awareness can yield a high return on investment.

&lt;p&gt;The speed of the times in terms of technology and people's behavior patterns makes people around the world interconnected. This makes the competition for jobs in society increase. Everyone who wants to survive the competition for a job must have the ability and skills. In this case, the world of education is also influential, where education is not only to seek knowledge but to find or improve skills that are useful for competing for a job. In technological advances, especially in the automotive sector, the world of education, especially vocational education, must always follow the development of technology in the industry. The PTM Study Program should have a curriculum that is in line with the work or competencies in the industry so that ptm study program graduates can compete in the world of work. This study aims to find out whether the curriculum of the PTM FKIP UNS study program has aligned with the competencies needed by the industrial world. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The source of this research data is documents from industry and the Mechanical Engineering Education Study Program. Purpose sampling data retrieval technique. Data collection was carried out with documentation and finalized with FGD (Focus Group Discussion). There are three data collection points, namely Toyota Nasmoco Ringroad, Daihatsu Adi Sucipto, and Suzuki Pabelan. The source of data from the draft work documents in the industry is the RPS matkul in the automotive field of the PTM Study Program, vehicle inspection sheets, FGD minutes, and periodic service books for gasoline engines and diesel engines. The validity test technique used is data triangulation. Data analysis using content analysis techniques (Analysis content). First, the competencies that have been taught in the PTM Study Program, especially in the automotive field, have been in line with the competencies or jobs that exist in the industry. In the Focus Group Discussion process, the stake holders stated that the PTM Study Program curriculum is in line with the industry and provides input on curriculum development to pursue industrial technology that is always developing at all times in the form of electric car competencies and conventional competencies are only given at a glance and prioritize injection competencies.&lt;/p&gt;

In this paper the argument is made that the utilization of a qualitative-quantitative mode of analysis may yield valuable insights on the social, economic and political developments in Communist China. The method of coding involved in the qualitative-quantitative mode of analysis is discussed. Concrete examples are drawn from a content analysis project currently in progress at the University of California at Berkeley.' Finally, several specific hypotheses encountered in the content analysis project are presented to demonstrate the utility of the qualitative-quantitative mode of analysis. DISPARITIES IN THE AVAILABILITY OF DATA The most important source of empirical data on Communist China comes from documentary materials such as the People's Daily (Jih-min Jih-pao). Researchers spend long periods scanning through Chinese Communist documents and other potential sources of data. The difference between datum and must be maintained and clarified. By material is meant a document in its original form such as an editorial in the People's Daily. Materials are transformed into data by some scheme of categorization. Materials are, therefore, the sources of data. Data are generally at a higher level of

All Change? Public library management strategies for the 1990s: M. Kinnell Evans. Taylor Graham, Los Angeles (1992). iii + 174 pp., £22.00/US$42.00, ISBN 0-946568-50-6.

Content analysis in library and information research: An analysis of trends

Abstract—The article is devoted to the review and substantiation of modern research methods and data sources on the dynamics of spatial structure of the largest Russian urban agglomerations. The object of the study is modern methods and data sources, and the subject is the possibilities of their use. On the example of the second agglomeration in Russia – St.‑Petersburg urban agglomeration – it is shown that interdisciplinary synthesis within the framework of socio-economic geography, regional economics, urban studies, geoinformatics and cartography, land management, using a variety of data sources (data of cellular operators, tax statistics, housing construction, satellite data, retail chains, road network), as well as the use of modern GIS-complexes, allow us to assess this structure, its changes, as well as to analyze the spatial structure of the largest Russian urban agglomerations. The main objective of this study is to review and critically rethink the methods of studying the spatial structure of one of Russia’s largest urban agglomerations (St.-Petersburg) developing in the turbulent period between 2014 and 2022. An inventory of different methods and data sources was made, using the method of reasoning. Further, the advantages and disadvantages of each group of methods were identified. Through an in-depth bibliographic analysis, the limitations and possibilities of empirical content (availability of specific data sources) were identified. Based on the critical analysis of advantages and disadvantages, a final point estimate of applicability and usefulness of the considered methods for the St. Petersburg urban agglomeration is obtained. The author’s contribution lies in the adaptation of modern groups of methods for the study of the spatial structure of cities for the study of the considered agglomeration, taking into account the local specificity and assessment of applicability and usefulness of the considered methods for St. Petersburg urban agglomeration. It is assumed that the development of a modern methodology for studying the spatial structure of the St. Petersburg urban agglomeration based on the symbiosis of modern methods and data sources will make a certain contribution to the study of the largest Russian agglomerations.

PurposeThis study aims to describe the development of hospitality research in terms of research methods and data sources used in the 2010s.Design/methodology/approachContent analyses of the research methods and data sources used in original hospitality research published in the 2010s in the Cornell Hospitality Quarterly (CQ), International Journal of Hospitality Management (IJHM), International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management (IJCHM), Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research (JHTR) and International Hospitality Review (IHR) were conducted. It describes whether the time span, functional areas and geographic regions of data sources were related to the research methods and data sources.FindingsResults from 2,759 original hospitality empirical articles showed that marketing research used various research methods and data sources. Most finance articles used archival data, while most human resources articles used survey designs with organizational data. In addition, only a small amount of research used data from Oceania, Africa and Latin America.Research limitations/implicationsThis study sheds some light on the development of hospitality research in terms of research method and data source usage. However, it only focused on five English-based journals from 2010–2019. Therefore, future studies may seek to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on research methods and data source usage in hospitality research.Originality/valueThis is the first study to examine five hospitality journals' research methods and data sources used in the last decade. It sheds light on the development of hospitality research in the previous decade and identifies new hospitality research avenues.

* List of Illustrations * Preface * 1. The Scientific Study of Research Questions * What Does It Mean to Be Scientific * Distinguishing Empirical and Normative Questions * Reformulating Normative Questions as Empirical * Research Questions * The Scientific Research Process * 2. Building Blocks of the Research Process * Theories, Hypotheses, and Operational Definitions: An Overview * Types of Hypotheses * Theoretical Role, * Units of Analysis * Operational Definitions * 3. Research Design * The Concept of Causality * Types of Research Design * 4. Published Data Sources * The Internet as Data Source * The Importance of Units of Analysis * Strategies for Finding Data Sources * Some General Data Sources * Demographic Data * Political and Governmental Data for Nations * Data on U.S. Government and Politics * Survey Data * Content Analysis * Steps in Content Analysis * Issues in Content Analysis * 5. Survey Research * Sampling * Interviewing * Writing Survey Items * 6. Statistics: An Introduction * Levels of Measurement * Univariate Statistics * The Concept of Relationship * Multivariate Statistics * 7. Graphic Display of Data * Graphics for Univariate Distributions * Graphics for Multivariate Relationships * How Not to Lie with Graphics * The Need for Standardization * Principles for Good Graphics * 8. Nominal and Ordinal Statistics * Correlations for Nominal Variables * Correlations for Ordinal Variables * Chi-square: A Significance Test * Additional Correlations for Nominal Variables * Interpreting Contingency Tables Using Statistics * 9. Interval Statistics * The Regression Line * Pearson's r * Nonlinear Relationships * Relationships Between Interval and Nominal Variables * 10. Multivariate Statistics * Controlling with Contingency Tables * What Can Happen When You Control * Controlling With Interval Variables: Partial Correlations * The Multiple Correlation * Significance Test for R2 * Beta Weights * Causal Interpretation * References * Index

Driver anger on the information superhighway: A content analysis of online complaints of offensive driver behaviour

This study aimed at reporting the contexts of interest in needs analysis research (NAR) in the Arab World (2000 – 2019) and describing the adoption of triangulation in data collection instruments and data sources. A purposive sample of 48 published NAR was subjected to content analysis. Results revealed that needs analysis studies (NASs) in the Arab World (2000 – 2019) are interested in EAP context more than other contexts such as English for Medical Purposes (EMP) and English for Occupational Purposes (EOP). In addition, most of the NASs adopted one data collection tool and consulted outsiders as sources of data. In addition, the study found that there is lack of method and/or source interaction. In general, NAR in the Arab World suffers from several shortcomings. Based on these results, the study recommended that NA researchers in the Arab World should pay more attention to other ESP contexts. In addition, they need to address issues related to triangulation to lend reliability to their data.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review and critique the current status of content analysis (CA) as a research method for inquiring into intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) to determine if CA has a continued role to play in developing new intellectual capital (IC) knowledge. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 110 articles utilising CA as a research methodology for inquiring into ICD are analysed. The research is developed in line with other articles critically investigating IC research conducted by Guthrie et al. (2012), Dumay and Garanina (2013) and Dumay (2014). To help understand the impact of CA research articles, the data set is supplemented by including citation data from Google Scholar. The authors also differentiate the paper from other IC research reviews by critically examining the findings and implications of the articles analysed. Findings – The authors do not hold a very positive view on future research which does not substantially depart from the plethora of articles examining ICD using annual reports as a data source or who do not in some way radically change the approach. The authors are of the view that early research into ICD using CA as a methodology was warranted because there was little knowledge about the pattern of IC disclosure in annual reports and other possible ICD forms. However, the research into ICD using annual reports and other data sources has added little more than prove that companies are unwilling to publicly disclose IC to their stakeholders. While the authors do not hold a positive view on future CA research based on annual reports, the authors do hold out hope that researchers will transform their understanding and application of CA as a research methodology and offer one example of how this might be achieved. Originality/value – The paper presents a comprehensive critical review of published articles utilising CA as a research methodology for inquiring into ICD along with measuring the impact of the articles using citation data from Google Scholar. Hence, the research and its impacts are simultaneously assessed offering insights into the future role that CA as a research methodology has to play in developing new IC knowledge.