Facebook as a resource for cochlear implant information: a thematic content analysis

The focus of this article is to understand the determinants of negative, positive, or neutral tone in campaign news coverage. Much of the extant literature suggests, to some extent, the negativity bias often seen in political news stems from profit making objectives. This article asserts that news outlet ownership structures and economic incentives, coupled with political context, influence the likelihood of positive, neutral, or negative tone in campaign news. The findings presented herein suggest that corporate, chain, and nonlocal ownership all have consequences for campaign news tone.

As the most important global news distributors, the big three international news agencies’ reports about COVID-19 vaccines have a great influence on people’s understanding of them. Based on the health belief model (HBM), we examined which constructs in the HBM were related to audiences’ Twitter engagement and the differences among the agencies. We content-analyzed 1162 COVID-19 vaccine-related tweets from three international news agencies’ Twitter accounts (@AFPespanol, @AP, @Reuters) from 2 December 2020 to 31 January 2021. The results showed that the most-used HBM construct was barriers, followed by benefits, susceptibility, cues to action, severity, and self-efficacy. About half of the tweets used a positive tone and nearly half of the tweets used a neutral tone, while only 3.1% of the tweets used a negative tone. Reuters used a significantly more negative tone, more neutral tone, and less positive tone than was expected. AFP used a significantly more positive tone and less neutral tone than was expected. The effectiveness of utilizing HBM constructs for vaccination promotion strongly depends on the audience context. The use of HBM constructs for vaccination was generally effective for Reuters but seems to have backfired for AFP.

BackgroundTikTok [ByteDance] is a significant source of mental health–related content, including discussions on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). While the app fosters community building, its algorithm also amplifies misinformation as influencers without relevant expertise often dominate conversations about SSRIs. These videos frequently highlight personal experiences, potentially overshadowing evidence-based information from health care professionals. Despite these concerns, TikTok holds potential as a tool for improving mental health literacy when used by professionals to provide credible information.ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine TikTok videos on SSRIs, hypothesizing that content will predominantly emphasize negative experiences and that videos by nonmedical professionals will attract higher engagement. By analyzing creators, engagement metrics, content tone, and video tone, this study aimed to shed light on social media’s role in shaping perceptions of SSRIs and mental health literacy.MethodsA sample of 99 TikTok videos was collected on December 8, 2024. Apify, a web scraper, compiled pertinent engagement metrics (URLs, likes, comments, and shares). Views were manually recorded. In total, 3 researchers evaluated video and content tones and documented findings in Qualtrics. User profiles were analyzed to classify creators as a “medical professional” or “nonmedical professional” based on verification of their credentials. Statistical analyses evaluated the hypotheses.ResultsThe number of videos created by both nonmedical and medical professionals was roughly even. Approximately one-third (35/99, 35%) mentioned a specific SSRI (ie, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, vilazodone, sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram, or escitalopram). Compared to medical professionals, nonmedical creators produced significantly more videos with a positive video tone (P<.001). TikToks made by both groups of creators, however, had negative content tones (P=.78). Nonmedical professionals received significantly greater overall views (P=.01), likes (P=.01), and comments (P=.03), but overall shares were not significantly different (P=.18). Daily interaction metrics revealed that nonmedical professionals received more daily interaction, but these differences were not significant in terms of views (P=.09), likes (P=.06), comments (P=.15), or shares (P=.28).ConclusionsResults showed that while both creator groups focused on negative SSRI side effects and experiences (content tone), the way they presented this information (video tone) differed. Medical professionals generally maintained a neutral video tone, whereas nonmedical professionals were more likely to adopt a positive video tone. This may explain why nonmedical professionals’ videos had significantly more cumulative views, likes, and comments than medical professionals’ videos. These findings are consistent with other research suggesting that the TikTok algorithm and users are more likely to favor and engage with videos that evoke a strong emotional response and are perceived as relatable to viewers. This study highlights the need for medical professionals to improve their approach to content creation on TikTok by using a more positive video tone to increase engagement.

Research in microelectronics packaging has recently been driven by the reduction in size of the die the package contains. Die-die, interconnect-interconnect, and substrate-die distances are rapidly decreasing in size. As the electronic system shrinks, the need for photo-definable, permanent low-k dielectric materials becomes more important to electrically and mechanically isolate increasingly denser electrical pathways. There are two photochemistries that make films photodefinable. Negative tone materials decrease in solubility in a developer when exposed to UV radiation. Positive tone materials increase in solubility when exposed to UV radiation. Positive tone photochemistry has a distinct advantage over negative tone because of a reduced sensitivity to particulates on a photo mask (1). Additionally, positive tone chemistries allow an aqueous develop instead of the organic solvents used in most negative tone systems that are an environmental concern. Polynorbornene (PNB) has shown promise as a permanent dielectric material because of a relatively low dielectric constant, 2.2 (2). Synthesizing a PNB copolymer with substituted pendent groups allows cross-linking and photo-definability, although it raises the dielectric constant by introducing polarizable groups to the polymer. In this case, diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ), a well-studied positive tone photoactive compound, is used to shift the solubility of a film containing the PNB copolymer. Previously, our group studied the effects of cure temperature on a negative tone formulation of PNB (3). A photo acid generator was used to create crosslinking via an epoxy ring-opening reaction. To quantify the cross-linking, the elastic moduli of thin films were determined. Over the cure temperatures investigated, a maximum elastic modulus of 2.8 GPa was observed at 160 ºC. The modulus then showed a steady decline to 2.4 GPa at 240 ºC. This degradation in modulus was assumed to be a result of the acidity of the film (3). In this work, a comparison between the positive and negative tone films is made to understand the cross-linking of the more desirable positive tone PNB. During normal processing, the negative tone films exhibit a highly acidic pH prior to cure, where the positive tone films exhibit a neutral or basic pH prior to cure. To further investigate the effects of pH on the PNB film crosslinking, films with the exposed photo acid generator were swelled with base prior to curing to get a comparable pH to the positive tone material. Elastic modulus results showed no dependence on pH for the negative tone films. Despite the stark contrast in film acidity, a peak modulus of 3.0 GPa at a 140 ºC cure temperature was observed, declining to 2.4 GPa at 220 ºC. Positive tone results showed a different dependence, however. With a neutral film, crosslinking occurred with DNQ acting as the cross-linker, giving a modulus of 4.0 GPa. When developed, DNQ-loaded films showed a decline in modulus to 2.6 GPa. This is likely due to the reactions of DNQ with aqueous base (4). An epoxy cross-linker added to the developed positive tone film helped cross-linking by inhibiting base uptake and allowing DNQ to act as a cross-linker. With the correct processing conditions and additives, the modulus and dielectric constant of the PNB film can be controlled.

The purpose of this study was to analyze posts shared on social media sites, Twitter and Instagram, referencing scoliosis surgery for tone, content, and perspective of the posts. Public Twitter and Instagram posts from November 2020 to April 2021 were isolated using the hashtag #ScoliosisSurgery or the words "scoliosis surgery." A total of 5,022 Instagram and 1,414 Twitter posts were collected, of which 500 of each were randomly selected to be analyzed by the authors for the variables previously listed. Of the Instagram posts, 91.8% were associated with an image, and 47.8% were postoperative. 96.9% of the posts had either a positive or neutral tone. 38% delivered a progress update, and 29.9% disseminated education or sought to provide awareness. 48.6% of the posts were from the perspective of the patient. Of the Twitter posts, 60.1% contained only words, and 37.8% were postoperative. 75% of the posts had either a negative or neutral tone. 38.4% described a personal story, and 19.3% provided a progress update. 42.3% of the posts were from the perspective of the patient. Patients reported a positive tone on Instagram, displaying their progress updates and demonstrating contentment with scoliosis surgery, and a negative tone on Twitter, showing discontentment toward inadequate access to surgery. Although both platforms were used to distribute information and provide awareness, only a small percentage of posts were from physicians and hospitals, indicating opportunities for surgeons to use social media to connect with patients.

Objective of the study is to determine the pre­vailing tonality of news reports in regional mass media devoted to migrants, as well as to analyze the dynamics of the main forms of tonality of these messages, and to highlight its dependence on events taking place in society. &nbsp; The methodological basis of the research. It is presented by the results of a sociological study conducted by the staff of the Law Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The research method is content analysis. Research results. Most of the news reports in the regional mass media devoted to the topic of migration have a negative or positive tone. A fifth of the news has a neutral tone. At the same time, it was recorded that the general tone of the message and the image of the migrant in it do not always coincide. Analysis of the dynamics of the tonality of news reports over the years allowed us to determine that the growth of neg­ative reports about migrants is noted, in most cases, in the presence of a significant infor­mation channel that attracts attention from the media. In 2022, an increase in messages with a positive and neutral tone was recorded, due to the massive influx of refugees from the DPR and LPR to the Rostov region. &nbsp; Prospects of the study. The results of the con­ducted sociological research can become the basis for further study of the process of forming the image of a migrant in the public conscious­ness, as well as the role of mass media in this process. &nbsp

Themes, perspectives, and educational quality of content related to #PapSmears on TikTok

The research aims to study the relation between accounting disclosure tone (Positive tone – Negative tone – Net tone) and conservative debt policy (the low-leverage puzzle). The study investigates hypotheses on a sample of 60 Egyptian firms listed in Stock Exchange in the period (2013-2019). Using content analysis and logistic regression to analyze the formulation of news found in financial reports and periodic disclosures published on the Egyptian Stock Exchange. The results indicate a negative and significant relation between positive disclosure tone and conservative debt policy, meaning that with an increase (decrease) in the disclosure tone, firms are less (more) conservative in debt policy. This result is consistent with (Malmendier et al., 2011). The results also indicate that there is a positive and significant relation between (Negative - net) disclosure tone and conservative debt policy. This result can be explained that managers may retain more cash for future investment than their rational counterparts and are reluctant to use external financing. This result is consistent with (Malmendier et al., 2011).

The rise of team-based structures within organisations has prompted increasing research focused at improving team processes, typically with a view to increasing team performance (e.g., Allen &amp; Hecht, 2004). This expanding team-level focus within the organisational behaviour literature has required researchers to consider the complexities surrounding the conceptualisation and measurement of team-based constructs and phenomena (e.g., team satisfaction; team cohesion; team conflict), including how best to aggregate traditionally individual-level phenomena to the team level (Bliese, 2000; Chan, 1998). Increasing recognition of the role of affect in organisations ( e.g., Ashkanasy &amp; Dorris, 2017; Barsade &amp; Gibson, 2007) has similarly led to a growing cohort of researchers conceptually and empirically considering affect-related constructs at the team level (e.g., Ashkanasy, 2003; Barsade &amp; Gibson, 2012; Cote, 2007). One influential stream within this area is research on group affective tone established by George and her colleagues ( e.g., George, 1990, 2002; George &amp; King, 2007). George (1990) provided some of the earliest empirical evidence for group affective tone by demonstrating that individuals in workgroups tend to experience highly similar levels of state affect. The affective tone of a team has been shown to have significant impact on team functioning. A more positive affective tone has been linked with a number of advantageous team outcomes, including better team cooperation (Barsade, 2002), better coordination (Sy, Cote, &amp; Saavedra, 2005), lower team conflict (e.g., Barsade, 2002), lower absence rates within the team (Mason &amp; Griffin, 2003), and more helping behaviours displayed within the team (Chi, Chung, &amp; Tsai, 2011 ). However, there have also been some counterintuitive findings that suggest the impact of group affective tone on team outcomes is more complex than sometimes theorised. In line with the IPSO model of team effectiveness (Marks, Mathieu, &amp; Zaccaro, 2001) my program of research will consider the interplay of affective input variables of the team (specifically trait affect and emotional intelligence) on the development of group affective tone and discrete emotional tones as an emergent state. I use affect-as­information theory (Schwarz &amp; Clore, 2003) and the emotions-as-social-information model (EASI; Van Kleef, 2009) to guide my propositions regarding the influence of group affective tone on team dynamics ( conflict) and outcomes (team performance and team satisfaction). Finally, my expectations regarding the impact of team conflict on team outcomes are based on Jehn and Bendersky's (2003) contingency theory of the consequences of conflict. My broad research questions are: RQ 1. Under what conditions will team members' positive affect and negative affect converge? RQ2. What are the consequences of group affective tone on team conflict? RQ3. What are the consequences of group affective tone on team performance/ satisfaction? RQ4. To what extent does team emotional intelligence influence the interplay of team conflict and team performance? Three studies were conducted to address these questions. All studies used student samples in order to have a high amount of control over the formation of teams and the tasks they completed. Study 1 involved existing student teams assessed during the completion of a survival decision-making task. It examined the convergence of team members' affect, and whether the consequences of teams' affective tone on experienced conflict and objective performance in the task was dependent on teams' (self-rated) collective emotional intelligence, as well as the role of collective emotional intelligence in determining the effectiveness of team conflict on performance. Study 2 utilised an experimental design of randomly formed university teams, and addressed how the trait affective composition of a team contributed to the affective tone of teams, and whether this link was contingent on teams' self-rated level of emotional intelligence, as well as the impact of collective emotional intelligence and formally imposed display rules on the link between teams' affective tone and performance (both self-rated and objective) in a creative task. Finally, the aim of Study 3 was to take a more fine-grained look at the collective emotions of a team, and investigate the convergence of discrete emotions (e.g., joviality, fear, and hostility) in university teams completing a workplace-based decision-making task, as well as whether the consequences of teams' various emotional tones on experienced conflict and objective performance was dependent on teams' collective emotional intelligence (assessed via a situational judgement test). Results of my program of research have both supported previous research on affective tone and extended knowledge regarding the impact of collective emotional intelligence on team interactions with some counterintuitive findings. In an extension of previous research on affect at the team level, I examined specific emotions and their convergence in short tasks, and demonstrated that specific emotions will have differential influences on team outcomes which are not easily apparent when researchers classify affect as either globally positive or negative in nature. Regarding the role of emotional intelligence in team affectivity, different facets were found to have opposing effects. My research has extended past findings by demonstrating that the awareness facets of emotional intelligence can be harmful to a team's functioning when considering the negative affective tone of the team. When a team is lower in negative affective tone, having high awareness of emotions can be detrimental in terms of both relationship conflict experienced in the team, and objective performance of the team. This finding is in contrast to the majority of affective tone models which predict emotional intelligence will help buffer against the harmful impacts of negative affective tone. However, certain management aspects of emotional intelligence were found to be highly valuable in the interplay between positive affective tone, task conflict, and team performance. Contrary to past theory suggesting the desirability of a highly positive affective tone (e.g., George, 1995), and research demonstrating a simple positive link between positive tone and performance ( e.g., Hmieleski, Cole, &amp; Baron, 2012; Kim &amp; Choi, 2012) my research has challenged the notion that a positive affective tone is universally advantageous. Based on my research, during complex decision-making or creative tasks, teams need to be able to manage their positivity so that it remains functional, rather than making them complacent about their task; providing team-level support for affect-as-information theory (Schwarz &amp; Clore, 2003). The practical implications of my research include the notion that team-level emotional intelligence may be a vital resource for maximising team performance. Managers of teams, in particular, should be aware that a highly positive team atmosphere may not be beneficial unless team members possess the skills to manage that collective positive emotion productively. Team selection which considers the emotional intelligence of potential members to ensure adequate collective levels, or training interventions which aim to increase employees' emotional intelligence are two options for organisations to consider.

In this work, e-beam lithography patterns have been specifically designed and fabricated which provide the opportunity to probe the collapse behavior of both positive and negative tone systems. The pattern layout includes adjacent parallel line structures that both vary in the line size and also in the distance by which they are separated by the space between them. This type of structure allows for the control and modulation of the capillary forces, and ultimately the stresses, experienced by the photoresist line pairs during the final rinse and drying steps of the development process. Using such structures, it is possible to determine the critical stress, i.e., the maximum stress experienced by the photoresist lines before collapse, as a function of a variety of parameters including: material type, substrate preparation conditions, resist film thickness, and resist feature width. In this article, such a modular approach has been used to compare the pattern collapse behavior of a prototypical positive tone resist formulated using a protected hydroxystyrene-based copolymer and a prototypical negative tone epoxide-based molecular photoresist (4-EP). It was found that the critical stress at the point of pattern collapse decreased both as the thickness and the feature width of the resist lines decreased, though this trend was observed to a much lesser extent in the negative tone 4-EP material. It is observed that the negative tone resist, whose imaging mechanism involves cross-linking, shows far superior pattern collapse performance as compared to the positive tone deprotection based resist and is in general able to achieve significantly higher aspect ratio patterning at equivalent feature linewidths.

To date, there is limited social media evaluation of patients after medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction and analysis of their perceived surgical outcome. The purpose of this study was to examine patient perceived outcomes after MPFL reconstruction via social media analysis on Instagram. A total of 486 posts containing “#MPFL” were included in the assessment. The tone of the post was examined in relation to demographic variables and the content of the post. When comparing posts containing positive vs. negative tone, those referencing rehabilitation (P < 0.0001) and activities of daily living (ADLs) (P = 0.0002) were more likely to be positive. Posts referencing surgical incision or scar (P = 0.02) or postoperative instability/dislocation (P < 0.0001) were more likely to have a negative tone. Multivariable logistic regression identified references to incision/scar (odds ratio [OR]: 0.446, P = 0.0264) and instability/dislocation (OR: 0.071, P < 0.0001) as strong negative predictors of positive tone. However, referencing rehabilitation (OR: 2.464, P = 0.0091) or ADLs (OR: 2.251, P = 0.0187) substantially increased the likelihood of a positive post tone. In conclusion, positive tone was associated with improved rehabilitation and ability to perform ADLs postoperatively. In contrast, negative tone was associated with dissatisfaction with the scar/incision, as well as postoperative patellar instability.

So far, religious tolerance in the mass media has never been studied using metaphors in a cognitive linguistic approach. In fact, through conceptual metaphors, the framing of the mass media will emerge on the issue of religious tolerance. This qualitative descriptive research collects data on news and articles about religious tolerance in online Islamic mass media during the period 2018–2023. Data were analyzed using metaphor identification procedure, conceptual metaphor theory, and mixed metaphor. The results of the study show that there are 9 source domains, namely 1) TOLERANCE IS CLOTHES, (2) TOLERANCE IS SPACES/BUILDINGS, (3) TOLERANCE IS HUMANS, (4) TOLERANCE IS THE BODY, (5) TOLERANCE IS PLANTS, and (6) TOLERANCE IS ARE THINGS, (7) TOLERANCE IS A BUSINESS COMMODITY, (8) TOLERANCE IS WAR, and (9) TOLERANCE IS A VEHICLE. In general, the metaphor of tolerance in online Islamic mass media is classified into three tones, that is positive tones, negative tones, and neutral tones. Online Islamic mass media that have a positive tone are NU Online and Alif.id, mass media with a mixed tone (positive-neutral) is Suara Muhammadiyah and (positive-neutral-negative) is Hidayatullah.com, and mass media with a positive tone negative are Portal Islam, Suara Islam, VOA Islam, and Era Muslim.

Although spin coating is the most widely used electron-beam resist coating technique in nanolithography, it cannot typically be applied for nonflat or irregular surfaces. Here, we demonstrate that monolayer polystyrene brush can be grafted on substrates and used as both positive and negative electron-beam resist, which can be applied for such unconventional surfaces. Polystyrene is a popular negative resist when using solvent developer but solvent cannot be used for grafted polystyrene brush that is firmly bonded to the substrate. Instead, we employed two unconventional development methods to lead polystyrene brush to positive or negative tone behavior. Negative tone was achieved by thermal development at 300 °C because exposed thus cross-linked polystyrene brush is more thermally stable against vaporization than unexposed linear one. Surprisingly, positive tone behavior occurred when the brush was grafted onto an aluminum (Al) layer and the film stack was developed using diluted hydrofluoric acid (HF) that etched the underlying Al layer. By transferring the patterns into the silicon (Si) substrates using the thin Al layer as a sacrificial hard mask for dry etch, well-defined structures in Si were obtained in two different electron-beam resist tones as well as in nonflat surfaces.

We study the textual content of MD&amp;A disclosures. Specifically, we model the determinants of linguistic tone (based on the fraction of positive or negative words) in municipal MD&amp;A sections and test for associations with the reporting of future internal control weaknesses. Our evidence suggests that factors such as high unemployment, general fund deficits, and less funding from higher levels of government are associated with negative tone, based on a sample of 362 MD&amp;A disclosures in fiscal year 2011. Our internal control analysis is consistent with positive (negative) tone in municipal MD&amp;A disclosures being associated with fewer (more) subsequent-year internal control weaknesses after controlling for other governance, demographic, and performance factors. Our analysis also suggests that positive tone is associated with a lower probability of future general fund deficits. Our findings suggest that municipal MD&amp;A content contains important information regarding the quality of future municipal financial reporting through internal control quality. JEL Classifications: H83.

This study was conducted to assess the effects of security incidents on the stock prices of firms in Korea. A content analysis of news coverage articles about security incidents was performed. The research questions (RQs) of the current study were as follows: RQ1: this study evaluated whether the news coverage of a security incident can influence an investor’s decision to buy or sell a stock; and RQ2: the study also analyzed whether the type of industry, the amount of damage caused by the incident, and the specific security incident itself would affect how investors assessed a stock’s value. The results of the study indicate the following: (1) news coverage articles about security incidents have a significant effect on stock prices; and (2) the degree of such an effect varies depending on the tone, theme, and category of the news coverage. A more negative tone was associated with a decrease in stock prices. Less negative and neutral tones were associated with an increase in stock prices. In particular, a neutral tone was associated with an increase in stock prices, which was commonly seen in most of the firms experiencing security incidents. Furthermore, the number of news coverage articles about security incidents had no relationship to variations in stock prices. In firms experiencing security incidents, variations in stock prices varied depending on the types of industry, the types of damages, and the type of incident. In conclusion, the current study used an event study and a content analysis of news coverage articles about security incidents to assess their effects on the stock prices of firms. Further studies are warranted to establish the feasibility of this approach in a real-world setting.