Abstract
A planar solid-state ammonium-selective electrode, employing a composite mediator layer of graphite particles embedded in a polyvinyl butyral matrix on top of an inkjet-printed silver electrode, is presented in this paper. The effect of graphite powder mass fraction on the magnitude of the potentiometric response of the sensor was systematically verified using a batch-mode and a flow injection measurement setup. Under steady-state conditions, the paper electrode provided a Nernstian response of 57.30 mV/pNH4 over the concentration range of 10−5 M to 10−1 M with a detection limit of 4.8 × 10−6 M, while the analytical performance of the array in flow mode showed a narrower linear range (10−4 M to 10−1 M; 60.91 mV/pNH4 slope) with a LOD value of 5.6 × 10−5 M. The experimental results indicate that the prepared electrode exhibited high stability and fast response to different molar concentrations of ammonium chloride solutions. The pH-response of the paper NH4-ISE was also investigated, and the sensor remained stable in the pH range of 2.5–8.5. The potentiometric sensor presented here is simple, lightweight and inexpensive, with a potential application for in-situ analysis of environmental water samples.
Highlights
Desirable properties of instrumental analytical methods are high accuracy, selectivity for the analyte of interest, low-cost, reliability and ease of use
In conventional glass-encapsulated ion-selective electrodes, electrode arrangements were tested, starting with the fabrication of the classical the ininternal electrolyte plays a role in signal transduction from the ion-selective selective membrane to ner-filling solution electrode
In conventional glass-encapsulated electrodes, the central metal conductor, resulting in a straightforward signal pathway across the the internal electrolyte plays a role in signal transduction from the selective membrane to
Summary
Desirable properties of instrumental analytical methods are high accuracy, selectivity for the analyte of interest, low-cost, reliability and ease of use. Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are characterised by such properties and are an established tool for the direct determination of analytes in often complex matrices. Potentiometry is a standard technique used in analytical laboratories around the world, and ion-selective electrodes for more than 50 different ions are commercially available. Among these sensors, ammonium ion-selective electrodes (NH4 -ISEs) have proven to be an indispensable sensing tool in three different fields:. The development of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) has opened new possibilities in the fabrication of miniaturised portable devices of various sizes and shapes [6,7]. The first proposed concept of sensors without internal solution—
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