Extraction of chitosan-based piezoelectric thin film from shrimp shell waste

Seafood waste is often landfilled and/or discarded into water, raising microbiological pollution and environment policy concerns. Repurposing this low-cost biomass collected at point-source processing centers can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support industrial progress in developing economies. Safe alternative methods to utilize seafood waste were investigated. Hydrothermal carbonization-enriched shrimp shell waste was converted into higher-value products, such as sprayable fertilizer and dry biochar fertilizer pellets. Environment friendly sprayable fertilizer from shrimp and crab shell waste as an inexpensive carbon fixer is a potential solution. An average spray coverage area of 0.12 m2 from only 300 mL of 1:10 shrimp shell waste to water mixture is reported. Characterization using N:P:K ratios from elemental analysis showed crustacean shell waste to comprise long-term organic carbon fixers in the soil with minor mineral enrichment, demonstrating potential for long-term soil care. Additionally, hydrothermally carbonized mineral rich shrimp shell and untreated crab shell waste were pelletized to test their friability and feasibility in transportation. Such a bio-investigation to promote economic goals for sustainability can improve biomass waste handling locally.

SummaryAngiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from the shrimp shell waste (SSW) were isolated using different proteases. The orthogonal test results showed alcalase hydrolysates with ACE inhibitory activity of 67.07% under the optimal hydrolysis conditions of 60 °C hydrolysis temperature, pH = 9.5, 25 g L−1 substrate and 4000 U g−1 of enzyme, whereas neutral protease hydrolysates had an ACE inhibitory activity of 84.04% under the hydrolysis temperature of 50 °C at pH = 7.0 with 25 g L−1 of substrate and in the presence of 2000 U g−1 of enzyme. Neutral protease was more suitable for the production of ACE inhibitory peptides from SSW, where peptides with MW <5 kDa were recommended. The results of this study indicated that peptides obtained from SSW are as beneficial as antihypertension compounds in the functional food resources.

In the current investigation, chitin and chitosan are extracted from Callinectes amnicola (crab) and Penaeus notialis (shrimp) shell wastes using predetermined optimization conditions. The shrimp shell produces higher chitin yield (26.08%), higher chitosan yield (16.93%) and higher degree of deacetylation (DDA) of 89.73% than the yields of chitin (19.36%), chitosan (13.29%) and the DDA from crab shell (84.20%). The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and acid-base titration methods are used to obtain % DDA of the optimized chitosan. Insignificant deviations between the DDA values from both methods are obtained. The experimental FTIR bands and standards for the refined chitosan from crab and shrimp shell wastes are in excellent agreement. The physicochemical properties of the raw precursors, extracted chitin and chitosan (raw and refined/decolorized) are equally evaluated. The extracted chitin and chitosan are characterized using analytical techniques. The implication of this study is in the current drive to produce chitin and chitosan from the underutilized shell wastes of C. amnicola and P. notialis of Nigerian sources with a high yield and a high DDA. In this study, the P. notialis shell is a better alternative source of chitin and chitosan than C. amnicola shell. Key words: Extraction, characterization, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy.

Characterization of carotenoprotein from different shrimp shell waste for possible use as supplementary nutritive feed ingredient in animal diets

Microwave-assisted valorization of black soldier fly pupal and shrimp shells into chitin and chitosan: A rapid biopolymer recovery approach.

While extraction of carotenoprotein from brown shrimp (Metapenaeus monoceros) shell waste, trypsin showed maximum recovery (55%) of carotenoid pigment in 4 hours at (28±2°C); but pepsin and papain showed about 50% recovery during the same period. The yield of protein paste by trypsin was maximum. The average protein content in the protein paste was about 450 g kg−1. The percent of recovery of protein by papain and pepsin was close to that of trypsin. During storage at ambient temperature (28±5°C) loss of carotenoids from cake prepared by trypsin was minimum. The cost of trypsin is twenty times that of papain. Thus papain, easily available and the cheapest enzyme, can be used suitably for moderate recovery of carotenoids and good recovery of protein from shrimp shell waste at tropical ambient temperature. The dried colorless solid residue after extraction of carotenoprotein and protein, can be used as raw materials for chitin/chitosan.

Antibacterial activity of chitin, chitosan and its oligomers prepared from shrimp shell waste

Objective: Crustacean shell waste is not currently used to its full potential. Most waste from crustaceans used in food pollutes the environment. Widely found in crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste, chitosan is a modification of chitin compounds. This study aims to utilize crustacean shell waste (crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste) as a natural adsorbent against heavy metals and dyes in the form of chitosan. Methods: This study includes the steps of extracting chitosan from crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste, followed by adsorption capacity tests against heavy metals (mercury and arsenic) and dyes (tartrazine and amaranth). Results: Chitosan sourced from both crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste met the physical and chemical characteristic requirements, and the yield was 28.19% and 18.33%, respectively. The adsorption capacity against heavy metals and dyes from crab shell waste chitosan ranged from 43.4% to 55.6% and the shrimp shell waste chitosan ranged from 50.8% to 60.2%. Conclusion: Crustacean shell waste can be processed into chitosan, which is valuable and can be used as a natural adsorbent against heavy metals and dyes for wastewater treatment in several industrial sectors.

Background: The fishing sector plays an important role in the global economy. The development of this sector is related to environmental issues, in particular to waste management. Indeed, the quantity of the halieutic waste are considered at several thousand tons of waste a year. Waste management is a solution to maintain an area with ecological harmony, but still can produce economic benefits that are beneficial to social welfare. Chitinases are enzymes that degrade chitin. Chitinase contribute to the generation of carbon and nitrogen in the ecosystem from shrimp shell wastes. Chitin and chitosan are naturally-occurring compounds that have potential to be used in agriculture. The present study was designed to prepare the shrimp shell waste compost (SSC) and also to analyse the enhancement growth of Ladies finger plant by using shrimp shell waste compost (SSC), shrimp shell waste compost (SSC) +cow dung (CD) and along with coir pith (CP). Methods: This experiment was conducted within the period of 2017-2018 in Department of Microbiology, Kamaraj college, Thoothukudi. 1Kg of dried shrimp shell waste powder was used for the compost preparation using chitinolytic bacteria Bacillus licheniformis SSCL10. The present study shrimp shell wastes were composted into manure with adding chitinolytic Bacillus licheniformis SSCL10. After 90 days of composting, the compost was dried at room temperature and used as manure for plant study. The growth study of ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculents L.) was analyzed in shrimp shell compost and also along with other composts (SSC + CD and SSC + CD+CP). Result: In our study, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash content were increased in the shrimp shell composts (SSC) with adding chitinase producing bacterium (Bacillus licheniformis SSCL10) when compared with control soil. The maximum plant growth performances were showed in the SSC+CD (cow dung) compared to combination of CP (coir pith), shrimp shell composts (SSC) alone and control. So shrimp shell compost is used as supplements for other compost to induce plant growth performances.

The study aimed to develop an effective and eco-friendly enzymatic process to extract carotenoproteins from shrimp waste. The optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions to maximize the degree of deproteinization (DDP) of carotenoprotein from shrimp head waste (SHW) and shrimp shell waste (SSW) was conducted separately using the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM). To achieve a maximum DDP of 92.32% for SSW and 96.72% for SHW, the optimal hydrolysis conditions were determined as follows: temperature (SSW: 53.13°C; SHW: 45.90°C), pH (SSW: 7.13; SHW: 6.78), time (SSW: 90min; SHW: 61.18min), and enzyme/substrate ratio (SSW: 2g/100g; SHW: 1.18g/100g). The carotenoprotein effluent obtained was subjected to spray drying and subsequently assessed for color, nutritional, and functional characteristics. The carotenoprotein from shrimp shell (CpSS) contained a higher essential amino acid score than carotenoprotein from shrimp head (CpSH). CpSS had a higher whiteness index of 82.05, while CpSH had 64.04. Both CpSS and CpSH showed good functional properties viz solubility, emulsion, and foaming properties. The maximum solubility of CpSH and CpSS was determined to be 92.94% and 96.48% at pH 10.0, respectively. The highest emulsion capacity (CpSH: 81.33%, CpSS: 70.13%) and stability (CpSH: 57.06%, CpSS: 63.05%) were observed at 3% carotenoprotein concentration. Similarly, the highest values of foaming capacity (CpSH: 27.66%, CpSS: 105.5%) and stability (CpSH: 23.83%, CpSS: 105.33%) were also found at the same 3% carotenoprotein concentration. In conclusion, the carotenoproteins obtained from shrimp waste showed favorable attributes in terms of color, amino acid composition, and functional properties. These findings strongly suggest the potential applicability of CpSS and CpSH as valuable resources in various domains. CpSS, with its higher whiteness index, greater amino acid content, and superior functional characteristics, may find suitability as functional ingredients in human food products. Conversely, CpSH could be considered for incorporation into animal feed formulations.

The effect of shrimp shell waste on ruminal bacteria and performance of lambs

Shrimp shell waste is a potential source of the biopolymer chitin. Through fermentation, chitin can be converted into its derivative products. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the products of the biodegradation of chitin from shrimp shell waste through a solid-state fermentation process using actinomycetes. Actinomycete isolates were obtained from tunicate marine biota collected from the waters of Buleleng, Bali, using a dilution technique on 1% chitin colloid agar medium. The isolated actinomycetes were cultivated on a shrimp shell waste medium for 7 days, and then the products of the biodegradation of the oligomers were extracted using water. The extracts of the biodegradation products of the shrimp shells were isolated through several chromatographic steps and analyzed using LC–MS–MS, and the bioactivity of the biodegradation products against fungi was tested. The morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate 18D36-A1 was a rare actinomycete with the proposed name Pseudonocardia antitumoralis 18D36-A1. The results of the analysis using TLC showed that the solid-state fermented water isolate 18D36-A1 produced several oligomeric components. These results indicate that the isolate 18D36-A1 was able to convert chitin into chitooligosaccharides. Further isolation of the extract produced the active fraction D36A1C38, which can inhibit the growth of fungi by 74% at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. This initial information is very important for further studies related to the development of a solid-state fermentation process for obtaining bioactive compounds from shrimp shell waste.

Sustainable and eco-friendly strategies for shrimp shell valorization

Udang adalah salah satu komoditas perikanan yang banyak dikonsumsi dan disukai masyarakat. Selain memiliki cita rasa yang enak, hasil analisis limbah kulit dan kepala udang ternyata mengandung 63% kandungan protein. Bukan hanya komponen protein, kalsium karbonat, karotenoid, kitin, dari limbah kulit akan sangat bermanfaat bagi tubuh manusia. Meskipun memiliki nilai gizi yang tinggi, seringkali limbah organik udang ini akan dibuang saat dimasak. Banyak kalangan masyarakat yang masih minim pengetahuan dan pemahaman mengenai manfaat limbah kulit dan kepala udang. Oleh karena itu sangat dibutuhkan pengenalan dan pelatihan yang mengulas manfaat kulit dan kepala udang yang dapat meningkatkan nilai gizi pada makanan sehari-hari. Jika tidak dimanfaatkan, bahan organik berkualitas ini justru akan mencemari lingkungan, baik mengganggu kualitas air maupun sebagai polusi udara karena menimbulkan bau yang tidak sedap. Selain itu, inovasi dalam pengolahan limbah organik ini bagi ibu rumah tangga dengan cara mengolah limbah kulit udang menjadi “Bumbu kering maupun Bumbu Basah”. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk mendorong masyarakat secara umum, dan secara khusus untuk memotivasi ibu rumah tangga, untuk mengubah kebiasaan dari membuang jadi menjadi mengolah kembali. Partisipasi dan antusias masyarakat sangat tinggi selama mengikuti pelatihan pembuatan bubuk kaldu dan bumbu basah dari limbah kepala dan kulit udang di Desa Tritiro Kabupaten Bulukumba.Kata Kunci: kulit, kepala udang, bumbu kering, bumbu basahAbstract Shrimp is one of the fishery commodities that is widely consumed and liked by the public. Apart from having a delicious taste, the results of analysis of shrimp shell and head waste turned out to contain 63% protein content. Not only protein components, calcium carbonate, carotenoids, chitin, from skin waste will be very beneficial for the human body. Even though it has high nutritional value, organic shrimp waste is often thrown away when cooked. Many people still lack knowledge and understanding regarding the benefits of shrimp shell and head waste. Therefore, there is a great need for introduction and training that reviews the benefits of shrimp shells and heads which can increase the nutritional value of daily food. If not used, this quality organic material will actually pollute the environment, both disrupting water quality and as air pollution because it causes an unpleasant odor. Apart from that, this innovation in processing organic waste for housewives involves processing shrimp shell waste into "dry spices and wet spices". This activity aims to encourage society in general, and specifically to motivate housewives, to change their habits from throwing away to reprocessing. Community participation and enthusiasm was very high during the training on making stock powder and wet seasoning from waste shrimp heads and shells in Tritiro Village, Bulukumba Regency. Keywords: shells, shrimp heads, dry spices, wet spices

Cancer has high prevalence rate and mortality with conventional chemotherapy and other management protocols being both expensive and inaccessible especially in low/medium income countries (LMIC). Sourcing alternative cheaper and easily accessible treatment from blends of antioxidants sources can reduce the burden of cancer on patients. This work therefore seeks to produce a blend from the protein hydrolysates of shrimp shell waste, germinated soybean and germinated pigeon pea which not only has high antioxidant activity but also can inhibit cervical cancer cell proliferation. In vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the mixtures of germinated pigeon pea, germinated soybean, and shrimp shell waste hydrolysates were evaluated using the mixture response surface methodology (MRSM). Fourteen blends were obtained using the simplex centroid design. Total phenolic content (TPC), 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and % cytotoxicity of the samples were analysed. Numerical optimization was conducted with the goal of simultaneously maximizing the DPPH scavenging activity and TPC while minimizing % cytotoxicity. The optimized blend consisted of 91.06 % pigeon pea, 8.94 % shrimp shell waste and 0 % soybean. The predicted responses obtained were 74.28 % DPPH scavenging activity, 39.6 GAE mg/dL TPC and 21 % cytotoxicity. The IC50 values for the optimized blend and a standard chemotherapeutic drug were 0.260 mmol/mL and 0.013 mmol / mL respectively. This in vitro study revealed that the pigeon pea - shrimp shell waste blend, as generated by MRSM, was comparable to a standard anticarcinogenic drug with respect to potency. Keywords: pigeon pea, soybean, hydrolysates, shrimp shell waste, cytotoxicity, antioxidants, DPPH