Extraction and Characterization of Protein Isolates from two Varieties of Broad Bean (Vicia faba)

We report on the impact of flour production from small- and large-seed varieties of broad bean on the quantitative and qualitative distribution of dietary fibre and starch. The experimental material consisted of the seeds of small-seed varieties of broad bean: Gobik and Goral, large-seed varieties of broad bean: Windsor Bialy and Bartom, and pea seeds of Albatros, Karat and Miko varieties (for comparison). The seeds were at full physiological maturity. Soaking and hydrothermal processing were shown to cause multidirectional, statistically significant changes in dietary fibre and starch, depending on both parameters of the process and type of the seeds. The flours of both small-seed broad bean varieties contained 20.15%-28.31%, flours of the large-seed broad bean 23.10%-27.50%, and those from pea seeds 20.13%-22.81% total dietary fibre. Attention should be paid to the considerable, approximately 2-fold increase in the soluble dietary fibre (SDF) content, compared to the raw material. The processing of seeds caused significant changes also with reference to starch. The most considerable changes were observed when the variant with the longest times of soaking (18 h) and heating (45 min) was applied. In the broad bean flours, the content of analytically available starch decreased by 22.94-30.60% and its digestibility was observed to decrease up to 30.25%. The pea flours, however, were characterised by an increased concentration of both forms of starch, especially significant for the digestible starch. The calculated content of resistant starch (RS) differentiated, to a high extent, the flours obtained. Under the same processing conditions, the flours of small-seed Gobik and Goral varieties of broad bean were characterised by a significantly higher RS content than those obtained from the large-seed varieties. A decrease in the starch digestibility rate index (SDRI) values, especially high for the small-seed varieties, should also be emphasised. The results obtained indicate that the nutritional value of flours can be determined by controlled processing parameters.

Objective: In this study, it was planned to examine the effects of farmyard manure on seed yield and yield components of different broad bean varieties. Material and Methods: The study was carried out in the ecological conditions of Mentese district of Muğla province in the 2021-2022 broad bean planting season. Seed yield and some yield components of farmyard manure doses (0-3000-6000 kg ha-1) in Histal, Salkim, Major and Golyaka varieties were examined. The study was planned with split-plot over randomized complete block design. Results: The interaction between farmyard manure and the variety has been observed to be significant for the number of flowering days, physiological maturity duration, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant and the weight of 100 seeds. Among the traits, the farmyard manure factor was found to be statistically significant in traits such as plant height and first pod height, while the variety factor was significant in the protein ratio. In terms of grain yield, both farmyard manure and variety factors were found to be statistically significant. The optimal grain yield, significantly affected by the amount of barn manure doses, was recorded at 2642 kg ha-1 at a dose of 6000 kg ha-1. Among the varieties, Histal variety stands out for its protein content, with a value of 23.5%. Conclusion: The effects of farmyard manure application on grain yield and yield components of pods were found to be significant. As a result of the study, it was determined that it was important to contine the experiment for more than one yearin order to observe the positive effects of barn manure application on the examined traits.

La L-DOPA es uno de los metabolitos secundarios presentes en las leguminosas, como Mucuna pruriens y Vicia faba L., su contenido se puede ver afectado por el método de secado, variedad y estado de desarrollo de la planta. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto del método de secado por estufa y por liofilización en el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT), de L-DOPA y de la actividad antioxidante en plántulas y en flor de dos variedades de haba. Dos variedades de haba, Diamante y Zac-22, se utilizaron como material vegetal, que fueron sembradas en condiciones de campo. Se obtuvieron plántulas a los 10, 15 y 20 días después de la emergencia (DDE) y flores durante el período de floración. Los tejidos se sometieron a dos métodos de secado, por estufa de aire forzado a 38 °C y por liofilización (-80 °C). El contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT) se determinó por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu y L-DOPA se analizó por HPLC. La actividad antioxidante se determinó frente al radical DPPH (CI50). Los resultados mostraron que el método de secado afectó la concentración de CFT, de L-DOPA y la actividad antioxidante. Las concentraciones más altas de CFT (118.67 mg·g-1 MS) y de L-DOPA (67.65 mg·g-1 MS) se detectaron en las muestras procesadas por secado en estufa. Las flores presentaron los contenidos más altos de CFT (142.19 mg·g-1 MS) y de L-DOPA (82.02 mg·g-1 MS) respecto a las plántulas. Mientas que en las plántulas a los 10 DDE, tuvieron en promedio la concentración mayor de CFT (110.12 mg·g-1 MS) y de L-DOPA (61.08 mg·g-1 MS). La actividad antioxidante se afectó particularmente por el método de secado en las plántulas, pero en las flores no mostraron variación. El secado por estufa favoreció la conservación de la actividad antioxidante de las plántulas (CI50, 119.93 µg·mL-1), respecto al método de secado por liofilización (CI50, 144.29 µg·mL-1).

Rich in high quality protein, vitamins, carbohydrates, organic acids and trace elements seeds, green fruits and young leaves broad beans (Vicia faba L. var. major Harz) has long been used in the food, and the culture of beans are promising in biological agriculture and horticulture. The aim of this work was to study the structure of seed production of different varieties of broad beans in the South Central zone of the region. At the Botanical garden BelSU (Belgorod) to study the structure of seed production of different varieties of broad beans (Belarusiskie, Velena, Russkie chernie, Aquadul) and determined the biochemical composition of seeds. Optimal height of attachment of the first fruit for mechanical harvesting (20-25 cm) characteristic of plants of all studied varieties. Weight of the fetus, according to the coefficient of variability, equal to 45%, distinguished by a strong variability on grades with a maximum grade of Velena. The length of fruit ranged from 9 to 13 cm and were characterized by moderate variability (V=20%). Seeds production is determinened not only by size of fruits of beans, but and its important components such as 1000 seed weight. Protein content in the seeds at 30% different varieties of broad beans domestic breeding. Contents of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and iron is higher in the cotyledons than in the skin. Dark purple color of the seed varieties of Russian black is due to the biosynthesis useful for human organism anthocyanins in seed peel.

Seed and root exudates from three varieties of both broad bean and cotton grown aseptically were analyzed for amino acids and sugars. Broad bean varieties were found to excrete considerable amounts of amino compounds with 15 different amino acids, while cotton varieties excreted less consisting of 12 amino acids. Five sugars were identified in the seed and root exudates from broad bean varieties, while three were present in the seed and root exudates from cotton varieties. Seed and root exudates stimulated spore germination and growth of fungi isolated from the rhizosphere.

To solve the problem of the shortage broad bean crop production in the governorate of Nineveh. The study was carried out between the Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture and forestry, University of Mosul, and the Director of Nineveh Agriculture, to know the effect of two factors: first factor was three varieties of broad beans (local, Spanish and Italian) ,the second factor was three levels of mineral fertilizer NP (0. 300 and 400 kg. ha-1) . The experiment consist of nine treatments. It designed according to Randomized Complete Block Design with Split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Analysis of variance carried out according to Duncan's multiple range test at 0.05. Results showed the Spanish variety gave significant superiority in the number of pods, seeds, and seed yields compared to the other varieties except for the number of pods that did not differ significantly with the local variety. 300 and 400 kg. ha-1 levels of mineral fertilizer caused a significant increase in all studied parametersbut there was no significant effect between 300 kg. ha-1 and control. Most effects of interaction treatments showed similar effects as a single factor for every mentioned characters RESPONSE OF THREE VARIETIES OF BROAD BEAN (Vicia faba L.) TO NP MINERAL FERTILIZER

The effect of certain agriculture practices such as susceptibility of six broad bean varieties, space of planting, nitrogen fertilization levels, first irrigation and farmyard manure on the infestation of broad bean crop with the Aphis craccivora Koch was studied at El-Kawsar region, Sohag Governorate (about 495 km south of Cairo, Egypt) throughout the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons. The results obtained revealed that A. craccivora appeared from November until the second week of April. Also, the faba bean varieties were different in their susceptibility to the infestation with A. craccivora, dividing into three groups: the first one which was susceptible included Giza 674 and Giza Blanka; the second had low resistance and included Giza 843, Giza 2 and Giza 40; and the third group was moderate including Giza 429. The numbers of A. craccivora was significantly increased at 70 kg chemical nitrogen plus farmyard manure than at 40 or 55 units/feddan of chemical nitrogen during the two seasons. The population density of A. craccivora was significantly higher when decreasing the planting space. The population density of A. craccivora increased significantly with an increase of nitrogen fertilization levels during both seasons. The broad bean plants sown on 10 cm and which received N at a rate of 90 kg/fed. harboured the highest numbers of A. craccivora as compared with the other treatment (20 and 30 cm). The results show also that the broad bean plants which were irrigated at 56 and 63 days as a first irrigation harboured highly significant numbers of A. craccivora compared with the plants irrigated at 14, 21 and 28 days. These results also show significant negative correlation between the infestation of A. craccivora and the yield of broad bean plants.

1. A male-sterile winter bean, inherited as a simple Mendelian recessive, is described.2. The sterility gene was shown to be expressed in the cytoplasm of eleven inbred lines of English winter beans, two varieties of English spring beans, six varieties of foreign spring beans and three varieties of broad beans (Vicia faba major). It is concluded that these varieties are unlikely to provide a fertility-inducing cytoplasm which would allow the development of a non-restoring pollinator.3. Evidence of linkage between three chlorophyll-deficient mutants and the male sterility locus is given and circumstances are outlined by which a suitable marker gene could be employed to assist in large-scale production of hybrid seed.

There is increasing interest in finding new food sources to alleviate malnutrition in developing countries. The chemicophysical, thermal characteristics and microstructure of eight typical and luxuriant broad bean varieties in China were investigated. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the crude protein, total starch, amylose, ash contents of cotyledon, size, color, 100-seed weight, 100-seed volume and seed density of the broad bean varieties. The raw flour of eight broad bean cultivars showed three distinct enthalpy peaks: (1) a broad temperature range (59.4∼81.53C) for starch gelatinization; (2) 82.97 to 105.23C for protein denaturation; and (3) 107.80–129.20C disrupture of amylose-lipid complex. The cotyledon cell shapes of raw broad bean from eight varieties were similar and orderly when examined by Scanning Electron Micrographs, showing a regular structure in which starch granules appeared to be embedded in a protein matrix. Some proteins on the tissue surface were covered with lipid, contributing to the membrane's semitransparent appearance. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Broad bean is one of the important legumes in China. The Ministry of Science and Technology of China implemented a nationwide mandate to improve the productivity and enhance utilization of Chinese minor grains, including broad bean. Efforts are needed to explore new processing methods to enhance broad bean's utilization. In the present study, the properties and qualities of broad beans were investigated, namely the chemicophysical and thermal characteristics as well as the microstructure of eight typical and luxuriant broad bean varieties in China. This study may serve as the foundation to improve the quality of processed foods made from broad beans.

A field study was carried out during the winter season of 2005 – 2006 at the farm of field crops department , Collage of Agriculture , University of Baghdad, Abu Ghraib, to study yield and yield components of four varieties of Broad bean (Spanish, Cyprus, IPA, Ekwadilgy) and study the effect of herbicides (Paraquat , Ronstar) on weed plants growing at broad bean field the results indicated that the treatments hand weeding, Paraquat, and Ronstar redused the number of narrow leaved weeds by 90% , 87% , 85.6% and broad leaved weeds by 82.8% , 58.6% , 66.1% respectively. And redused the number of weeds both narrow and broad leaved by 86.1% , 70.2% , 72.0% respectively. Ronstar redused number of Betavulgaris, Sweet clover, Button weed, Rigid rye grass, Milk thistle, Annual darnel, Common bishop weed, Field bind weed, Bur weed by 41.5% , 67.9% , 65.5% , 88.8% , 100% , 100% , 100% , 87.5% , 100% respectively. Paraquat redused the number of same weeds by 28.8% , 55.5% , 62.7% , 66.6% , 86.7% , 100% , 100% , 100% , 100% , and wild oats not affected. Ronstar Paraquat redused at the total dry weight of weeds by 51.3% , 49.5% respectively compare with control. And Cyprus variety was significant at pods / plant (10.62) , Ekwadilgy was significant at seeds / plant (45.26) unless the variety Spanish and this variety was significant at weight of 100 seeds (145. 2 gm) and the yield of seeds per hectare (4.024 Km / h) but this significant was only from the variety IPA that gave les value at all characters under study.

The effects of different steaming methods (traditional steaming, autoclave steaming and microwave steaming) on the quality and microstructural properties of eight typical and luxuriant broad bean varieties in China were investigated. The color of broad bean seeds was not fresh after all steaming treatments and steaming–cooling treatments. All samples had very low splitting ratios, and no splitting for SYTJQ (no. 4), CXDL1 (no. 5), TX1 (no. 6) and QH10 (no.8) after soaking and traditional steaming. Broad bean seeds after autoclave steaming presented the best tenderness, followed by the traditionally steamed broad beans. As in steamed beans, denaturation of protein during heating made the cell wall rigid and tightly enveloped starch granules. After cooling, the cotyledon cells of all samples presented semblable appearance but with dense gauffers or grooves in the surface of cell wall. Intracellular gelatinization of starch occurred through sequential configurational changes in starch granules during steaming, but no extracellular gelatinization. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The broad bean is one of the most important legumes in China. Oriental cooking has always made great use of steaming as a main cooking method, both for health reasons and the sparsity of ovens. Steaming brings about a number of changes in physicochemical and structural characteristics of broad beans. However, very little information is available in the literature regarding the steaming method rather than other cooking methods. Therefore, based on our previous research, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of different steaming methods (traditional steaming at atmospheric pressure, autoclave steaming and microwave steaming) on the quality and microstructure properties of eight typical and luxuriant broad bean varieties in China. Meanwhile, we can discover some excellent broad bean varieties for steamed foods. This study may serve as the foundation for selecting steaming methods to improve the quality of convenient foods made from the broad bean.

Considering of broad beans as an integral component of biological crop rotations, the presence of phytopathogenic, toxigenic, opportunistic, and allergenic microscopic fungi in soils under their different varieties should be examined. At the Botanical garden BelSU (Belgorod) on a natural infectious background were grown and studied of 16 different broad beans varieties. Were taking into account the indicators of frequency of occurrence and abundance of species, they determined the structures of soil mycocomplexes under different varieties. Analysis of the data showed that most micromycetes in the rhizosphere under bean varieties belonged to the Ascomycota division, which is part of it as 4th classes of Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Saccharomycetes. The species diversity of the soil mycobiota of steaming soil was characterized by 26 species, and under the studied bean varieties 57 species of fungi were identified. In the mycocomplex under varieties, species of different ranks of frequency of occurrence developed that were not noted in the paring soil: Alternaria tenuissima and Stemphyllium solani were rarely and accidentally found in the control soil, but they were not found in under the beans during budding – flowering. This can be explained by the fact that a different composition of exudates in the root zone of the soil under the plants contributes to the development of different types of microorganisms. In the complex of micromycetes under the beans, the share of toxigenic species increased by 2.5-29%, opportunistic species - by 1.3-31%, allergens - by 2-24% compared with the soaring soil. In the soil, an abundance of opportunistic and allergenic species capable of inducing mycoses and allergies in humans can be reduced by the broad bean varieties Aquadul, White large-fruited, Russian Black, Velena, Summer Resident, Leader, Optics, Pink Flamingo, Yankel Byala. After the cultivation of the beans the phytopathogenic species Ascochyta fabae, Clasdosporium herbarum, Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum var. orthoceras, F. oxysporum, F. solani and Ulocladium botrytis, remain in the soil and this fact must be considered when selecting the next crop in crop rotation.

Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae scop.), belongs to order Hemiptera and family Aphididae, is one of the important pests of the Fabaceae family. Beauveria bassiana is an important biocontrol agent to replace chemical insecticides. Therefore, in this research, two different varieties of broad bean with three different concentrations of B. bassiana were investigated on adults of fabae aphids under field conditions. After 3, 5, 7, and 14 days, the effect of the B. bassiana on the population of aphids was measured. The local variety was found to be more sensitive to the aphids compare with the Spain variety. In the high concentration (108 spores/ml), 80% mortality was obtained with B. bassiana in day 3 with local variety; then mortality increased after 5, 7, and 14 days of measuring the population of the adults. Mortality declined with the decrease in concentrations. The Spain variety was found to be resistance because fewer aphids were recorded compared to the local variety. In the highest concentration and day 14, mortality was 100%. The achieved results showed that B. bassiana can be used as a potential biocontrol agent for the management of black bean aphid in the fields.

1. Emergence and dry-matter production of largeand small seeds of two varieties of broad beans (Beladi and Rebaya 34) were studied.

Response of three varieties of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) to chemical and biofertilizer