Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained increasing attention as underexplored intercellular communication mechanisms in basic science and as potential diagnostic tools in translational studies, particularly those related to cancers and neurological disorders. This article summarizes accumulated findings in the basic biology of EVs, EV research methodology, and the roles of EVs in brain cell function and dysfunction, as well as emerging EV studies in human brain disorders. Further research on EVs in neurobiology and psychiatry may open the door to a better understanding of intercellular communications in healthy and diseased brains, and the discovery of novel biomarkers and new therapeutic strategies in psychiatric disorders.
Highlights
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bilayer membrane vesicles secreted by various cells in the body under both physiological and pathological states.[1,2,3,4,5]
A major limitation in these antibody/columnbased isolation approaches is that only subpopulations of EVs can be collected
Tangential flow filtration (TFF) combined with Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) can generate a high yield of EVs with high purity and can process large amount of sample.[50]
Summary
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bilayer membrane vesicles secreted by various cells in the body under both physiological and pathological states.[1,2,3,4,5] EVs contain various molecules from their cell of origin, such as nucleic acids (RNAs and DNAs), proteins, and other cellular components (eg, lipids, carbohydrates, and metabolites).[1,2] By transferring these components, EVs can modify the function of recipient cells.[1,2] Recent extensive studies are revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying EV biogenesis, secretion, and uptake.[3,6] EVs are being vigorously studied in neurobiology, and accumulating evidence supports EV-mediated intercellular communication locally in the brain and between the brain and periphery.[2,7] In parallel, emerging evidence indicates the potential utility of EVs as biomarkers for several brain disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD).[8,9,10] EV research in psychiatry may lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers. This review article aims to concisely deliver the current status of EV research and its translational applications
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