Extracellular mitochondria: a potential player involved in exercise health benefits.

Besides being powerhouses of the cell, mitochondria released into extracellular space act as intercellular signaling. Mitochondria and their components mediate cell-to-cell communication in free form or embedded in a carrier. The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is complex, which shows close relationship with inflammation and metabolic abnormalities. Since mitochondria sustain optimal function of the heart, extracellular mitochondria are emerging as a key regulator in the development of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we provide recent findings in the presence and forms of mitochondria transfer between cells, as well as the effects of these mitochondria on vascular inflammation and ischemic myocardium. Mitochondrial transplantation is a novel treatment paradigm for patients suffering from acute cardiovascular accident and challenges the traditional methods of mitochondria isolation.

The United Nations Millennium Declaration (2000), defining achievable goals directed towards sustainable development until 2015, includes the following: 1) To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, 2) To achieve universal primary education, that is to ensure access to education for all, 3) To promote gender equality and the empowerment of women, 4) To decrease the mortality rate of newborns and children, 5) To improve mothers’ health, 6) To fight against HIV / AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other diseases, 7) To ensure environmental sustainability, and 8) To develop global partnership, i.e. co-operation for the purpose of development as a strategic commitment planned until 2015. The current global goals are: 1) World without poverty, 2) World without hunger, 3) Health and well-being, 4) Quality education, 5) Gender equality, 6) Clean water and sanitation, 7) Affordable and clean energy, 8) Decent work and economic growth, 9) Industry, innovation and infrastructure, 10) Reduced inequalities, 11) Sustainable cities and communities, 12) Responsible consumption and production, 13) Climate protection, 14) Preservation of life below water, 15) Preservation of life on land, 16) Peace, justice and strong institutions, and 17) Strengthening the global partnership for sustainable development. These goals are the guiding principles of today’s globalized world. The issues associated with sustainable development are not exclusively related to a single scientific area or one group of scientific disciplines. The universal issues presented through the millennium and global goals are also the issues dealt with by kinesiology and all its applied sciences. Particular focus is on the issues pertaining to the formation of environmental awareness connected with a positive attitude toward health benefits ​​of physical exercise. Kinesiology contents, aside from health benefits, the impact on the quality of education, and confirmed economic values ​​are not in collision with other proclaimed goals of sustainable development, which is the only option that guarantees survival. Key words: globalization; kinesiology; millennium goals; sustainable development.The United Nations Millennium Declaration (2000), defining achievable goals directed towards sustainable development until 2015, includes the following: 1) To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, 2) To achieve universal primary education, that is to ensure access to education for all, 3) To promote gender equality and the empowerment of women, 4) To decrease the mortality rate of newborns and children, 5) To improve mothers’ health, 6) To fight against HIV / AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other diseases, 7) To ensure environmental sustainability, and 8) To develop global partnership, i.e. co-operation for the purpose of development as a strategic commitment planned until 2015. The current global goals are: 1) World without poverty, 2) World without hunger, 3) Health and well-being, 4) Quality education, 5) Gender equality, 6) Clean water and sanitation, 7) Affordable and clean energy, 8) Decent work and economic growth, 9) Industry, innovation and infrastructure, 10) Reduced inequalities, 11) Sustainable cities and communities, 12) Responsible consumption and production, 13) Climate protection, 14) Preservation of life below water, 15) Preservation of life on land, 16) Peace, justice and strong institutions, and 17) Strengthening the global partnership for sustainable development. These goals are the guiding principles of today’s globalized world. The issues associated with sustainable development are not exclusively related to a single scientific area or one group of scientific disciplines. The universal issues presented through the millennium and global goals are also the issues dealt with by kinesiology and all its applied sciences. Particular focus is on the issues pertaining to the formation of environmental awareness connected with a positive attitude toward health benefits ​​of physical exercise. Kinesiology contents, aside from health benefits, the impact on the quality of education, and confirmed economic values ​​are not in collision with other proclaimed goals of sustainable development, which is the only option that guarantees survival. Key words: globalization; kinesiology; millennium goals; sustainable development.The United Nations Millennium Declaration (2000), defining achievable goals directed towards sustainable development until 2015, includes the following: 1) To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, 2) To achieve universal primary education, that is to ensure access to education for all, 3) To promote gender equality and the empowerment of women, 4) To decrease the mortality rate of newborns and children, 5) To improve mothers’ health, 6) To fight against HIV / AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other diseases, 7) To ensure environmental sustainability, and 8) To develop global partnership, i.e. co-operation for the purpose of development as a strategic commitment planned until 2015. The current global goals are: 1) World without poverty, 2) World without hunger, 3) Health and well-being, 4) Quality education, 5) Gender equality, 6) Clean water and sanitation, 7) Affordable and clean energy, 8) Decent work and economic growth, 9) Industry, innovation and infrastructure, 10) Reduced inequalities, 11) Sustainable cities and communities, 12) Responsible consumption and production, 13) Climate protection, 14) Preservation of life below water, 15) Preservation of life on land, 16) Peace, justice and strong institutions, and 17) Strengthening the global partnership for sustainable development. These goals are the guiding principles of today’s globalized world. The issues associated with sustainable development are not exclusively related to a single scientific area or one group of scientific disciplines. The universal issues presented through the millennium and global goals are also the issues dealt with by kinesiology and all its applied sciences. Particular focus is on the issues pertaining to the formation of environmental awareness connected with a positive attitude toward health benefits ​​of physical exercise. Kinesiology contents, aside from health benefits, the impact on the quality of education, and confirmed economic values ​​are not in collision with other proclaimed goals of sustainable development, which is the only option that guarantees survival. Key words: globalization; kinesiology; millennium goals; sustainable development.U Milenijskoj deklaraciji Ujedinjenih naroda s ostvarivim ciljevima usmjerenim prema održivu razvoju do 2015. godine ističe se: 1) Iskorijeniti ekstremno siromaštvo i glad, 2) Postići univerzalno osnovno obrazovanje, odnosno jamstvo obrazovanja za sve, 3) Promovirati ravnopravnost spolova i osnažiti žene, 4) Smanjiti stopu smrtnosti novorođenčadi i djece, 5) Poboljšati zdravlje majki, 6) Boriti se protiv HIV/AIDS-a, tuberkuloze, malarije i drugih bolesti, 7) Osigurati održivost okoliša i 8) Razviti globalno partnerstvo, odnosno suradnju za razvoj, što je strateško opredjeljenje do 2015. godine. Danas su aktualni globaln ciljevi: 1) Svijet bez siromaštva, 2) Svijet bez gladi, 3) Zdravlje i blagostanje, 4) Kvalitetno obrazovanje, 5) Rodna ravnopravnost, 6) Čista voda i sanitarni uvjeti, 7) Pristupačna energija iz čistih izvora, 8) Dostojanstven rad i ekonomski rast, 9) Industrija, inovacije i infrastruktura, 10) Smanjenje nejednakosti, 11) Održivi gradovi i zajednice, 12) Odgovorna potrošnja i proizvodnja, 13) Zaštita klime, 14) Očuvanje vodenog svijeta, 15) Očuvanje života na Zemlji, 16) Mir, pravda i snažne institucije i 17) Učvršćenje globalnog partnerstva za održivi razvoj. Ti ciljevi vodilja su današnjeg globaliziranog svijeta. Problemi održiva razvoja nisu ekskluzivno povezani samo s jednim znanstvenim područjem i jednom grupacijom znanstvenih disciplina. Univezalna problematika sadržana u milenijskim i globalnim ciljevima problematika je i kineziologije i svih njezinih primijenjenih područja. Posebno se ističe problematika formiranja ekološke svijesti povezane s pozitivnim stavom prema zdravstvenim vrijednostima tjelesnog vježbanja. Kineziološki sadržaji osim zdravstvenih vrijednosti, utjecaja na kvalitetu obrazovanja, potvrđene ekonomske vrijednosti nisu u koliziji s ostalim proklamiranim ciljevima održiva razvoja, jedinog jamca opstanka. Ključne riječi: globalizacija, milenijski ciljevi, kineziologija, održivi razvoj.

Background: The benefits of physical activity in the general population are established and research suggests regular physical activity following childbirth is linked with improved health outcomes. However, many women do not resume pre‐pregnancy exercise levels. Objective: The present research used the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework to examine whether information about the health benefits of postpartum exercise presented during pregnancy can serve as a meaningful source of exercise motivation. Method: Pregnant women (n = 89) were randomly assigned into one of two conditions: experimental (read a brochure about the health benefits of postpartum exercise) and control (no information). After the intervention, all participants completed measures of attitude, subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioural control (PBC) and intention to exercise postpartum. Results: Independent group t‐tests showed that compared to the control group, participants who received the persuasive message reported significantly more positive attitudes, stronger SN, PBC, and greater intention to exercise (all p’s < .05). Attitudes, SN, and PBC accounted for 51% of the variance in intention. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that exposure to information about the health benefits of exercise during the postpartum period grounded in the TPB can influence pregnant women’s exercise beliefs and intentions.

Mitochondria are organelles that govern energy supply and control cell death. Mitochondria also express bacterial features, such as the presence of inner membrane cardiolipin and a circular genome rich in hypomethylated CpG motifs. While mitochondrial extrusion by damaged organs or activated cells is thought to trigger innate immunity, it is unclear whether extracellular mitochondria also stimulate an adaptive immune response. We describe the development of novel assays to detect autoantibodies specific to two distinct components of the mitochondrion: the mitochondrial outer membrane and mitochondrial DNA. Antibodies to these two mitochondrial constituents were increased in both human and murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), compared to controls, and were present at higher levels than in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome or primary biliary cirrhosis. In both bi- and multi-variate regression models, antibodies to mitochondrial DNA, but not whole mitochondria, were associated with increased anti-dsDNA antibodies and lupus nephritis. This study describes new and optimized methods for the assessment of anti-mitochondrial antibodies, and demonstrates their presence in both human and murine SLE. These findings suggest that different mitochondrial components are immunogenic in SLE, and support the concept that extracellular mitochondria may provide an important source of circulating autoantigens in SLE.

The health benefits of exercise are well established. However, the relationship between exercise volume and intensity and health benefits remains unclear, particularly the benefits of low-volume and intensity exercise. The primary purpose of this investigation was, therefore, to examine the dose-response relationship between exercise volume and intensity with derived health benefits including volumes and intensity of activity well below international recommendations. Generally healthy, active participants (n = 72; age = 44 ± 13 years) were assigned randomly to control (n = 10) or one of five 13-week exercise programs: (1) 10-min brisk walking 1×/week (n = 10), (2) 10-min brisk walking 3×/week (n = 10), (3) 30-min brisk walking 3×/week (n = 18), (4) 60-min brisk walking 3×/week (n = 10), and (5) 30-min running 3×/week (n = 14), in addition to their regular physical activity. Health measures evaluated pre- and post-training including blood pressure, body composition, fasting lipids and glucose, and maximal aerobic power (VO2max). Health improvements were observed among programs at least 30 min in duration, including body composition and VO2max: 30-min walking 28.8-34.5 mL kg(-1) min(-1), 60-min walking 25.1-28.9 mL kg(-1) min(-1), and 30-min running 32.4-36.4 mL kg(-1) min(-1). The greater intensity running program also demonstrated improvements in triglycerides. In healthy active individuals, a physical activity program of at least 30 min in duration for three sessions/per week is associated with consistent improvements in health status.

Alda-1 treatment promotes the therapeutic effect of mitochondrial transplantation for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Physical activity and exercise on a regular basis can help you stay healthy, energetic, and independent as you age. Exercise is essential in preventing health problems such as heart disease and stroke. Many studies have demonstrated the health benefits of regular exercise. This report examines the evidence regarding the health benefits of exercise across the board. Physical activity and exercise can help to lower stress and anxiety, enhance happy neurotransmitters, promote self-confidence, boost brain function, improve memory, and strengthen our muscles and bones. It also aids in the prevention and treatment of heart disease, obesity, blood sugar swings, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. It also aids in the prevention and treatment of heart disease, obesity, blood sugar swings, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Regular physical activity has been shown the useful in the primary and secondary prevention of a variety of chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension, obesity, depression, and osteoporosis) as well as premature death.

Structural integrity is essential for the protective effect of mitochondrial transplantation against UV-induced cell death.

Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor (similar to dyslipidemia and hypertension) for a variety of chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. Exercise provides a clear health benefit, which serves in the primary and secondary prevention of these disease processes (the most important being a reduction in cardiovascular disease and premature death). The physiologic mechanisms for such a benefit occur at both a cellular and multisystem level. Prolonged periods of occupational or leisure-time sitting have adverse health effects independent of exercise performed before or after. Almost any form of physical activity (PA) is beneficial, whether part of a regular exercise program or as a series of intermittent, incidental, non-purposeful, lifestyle-embedded activity (causing non-exercise activity thermogenesis or NEAT). The health benefits of exercise appear to be dose-dependent. Physicians should recommend near daily exercise which includes at various times strength training, stretching, and aerobic activity in addition to emphasizing adjustments that allow for reduced sitting and increased activity during daily routines. Patients should understand that for optimal health, exercise is no longer optional.

The purpose of the present study was to address 1) whether exercise provides protection against new-onset depression and anxiety and 2) if so, the intensity and amount of exercise required to gain protection and, lastly, 3) the mechanisms that underlie any association. A "healthy" cohort of 33,908 adults, selected on the basis of having no symptoms of common mental disorder or limiting physical health conditions, was prospectively followed for 11 years. Validated measures of exercise, depression, anxiety, and a range of potential confounding and mediating factors were collected. Undertaking regular leisure-time exercise was associated with reduced incidence of future depression but not anxiety. The majority of this protective effect occurred at low levels of exercise and was observed regardless of intensity. After adjustment for confounders, the population attributable fraction suggests that, assuming the relationship is causal, 12% of future cases of depression could have been prevented if all participants had engaged in at least 1 hour of physical activity each week. The social and physical health benefits of exercise explained a small proportion of the protective effect. Previously proposed biological mechanisms, such as alterations in parasympathetic vagal tone, did not appear to have a role in explaining the protection against depression. Regular leisure-time exercise of any intensity provides protection against future depression but not anxiety. Relatively modest changes in population levels of exercise may have important public mental health benefits and prevent a substantial number of new cases of depression.

The physical health benefits of exercise are well established but there is also growing research evidence of links between physical activity and mental health benefits, including mood elevation, better cognitive functioning and improved self‐perception, self‐esteem and selfefficacy. Physical activity has also been shown to enhance the effectiveness of psychological therapies and to have a role in improving quality of life and symptom management for people with a wide range of mental health problems. Physical activity has a double benefit, since people with mental health problems are also at increased risk of a range of physical health problems, including cardiovascular disease, endocrine disorders and obesity. However referral to a physical activity specialist is rarely available in psychiatric settings. This paper gives two examples of how provision of physical activity facilities and programmes staffed by qualified specialists can contribute towards improving mental health and quality of life for people with mental health problems.

Uric acid (UA) is a waste product formed when chemicals called purines break down. UA perform various functions such as a stimulant of the immune system, urate is an effective antioxidant, maintains blood pressure in a salt-poor environment and works against certain health diseases of the nervous system due to its antioxidant properties. Being an important biochemical agent, people do not give much importance due to insufficient knowledge about UA. This review study was initiated to assess the benefits and consequences associated with UA among exercise performers. One hundred (100) articles were placid into two (02) categories, i.e. (a) articles about health benefits of exercise and complication or penalties of UA (b) articles about the linkage or association of UA and Exercise. Moreover, the study was limited to the primary two magnitudes of UA, i.e. health benefits and consequences or risks of UA and Association of UA and Exercise. A literature search was done based on predefined keywords of the study. Finally, two (02) foremost search sources were used for assembling pertinent literature, and thus thirty-three (34) research articles were entertained per the study's recommended criteria. The categorization of studies grounded on quality and quantity was based on the established standards of the current review study. The existing literature disclosed that different managerial strategies such as eating low-purine foods, eluding certain medications, conserving a moderate weight, evading alcohol and sugary drinks, drinking coffee, increasing vitamin C intake, eating cherries and execution of low or moderate-intensity exercise have a significant effect on UA concentration.

Physical activity and health: Need to define the required stimulus

Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for public health. Due to the decline in physical demands of daily living exercise becomes an increasingly important contributor to an active lifestyle. The evidence on health benefits of exercise, particularly regarding weight loss, however, remains equivocal. In addition to lack of adherence to an exercise program, participants display behavioral and physiological adaptations that potentially mitigate exercise-induced health benefits. Specifically, a reduction in non-exercise physical activity (PA) and/or an increase in energy intake along with metabolic adaptations have been suggested to affect exercise-induced health benefits. There is also a large inter-individual variability, which makes some participants more receptive to exercise-induced weight loss than others. Even in the absence of weight loss exercise, however, provides various health benefits such as an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness, beneficial changes in blood lipids and blood pressure. In fact, some of these benefits have been more pronounced in participants who did not experience weight loss. In order to enhance the understanding of the role of exercise in health promotion a better understanding of compensatory adaptations is needed along with an identification of characteristics that contribute to inter-individual variability in response to exercise interventions.

Several manifestations of physical exercise providing health benefits for children and adolescents are evident in healthy and functional muscles and bones, increased strength and endurance, angiogenesis and neurogenesis, the reduced risk for chronic disease such as overweight and diabetes, improved self-esteem and psychological well-being, and finally higher levels of subjective and psychological well-being as well as reduced stress, anxiety and depression. Since obesity and being overweight impacts adversely on happiness, psychological well-being and several important positive personal attributes, most physical activity interventions, if properly designed and maintained appear to promise a satisfying degree of improvement. Physical exercise influences cognitive, emotional, learning and neurophysiological domains, both directly and indirect, thereby rendering it essential that this noninvasive, nonpharmacological intervention ought to form a part of children’s and adolescents’ long-term health programs.