Extracellular matrix decellularization approaches for 3D tissue printing

Abstract

3D bioprinting holds transformative potential for the field of regenerative medicine, offering unprecedented opportunities for the fabrication of complex, living tissues. Central to this technological innovation is the development of suitable bioinks that can accurately replicate the native cellular environment. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its inherent biocompatibility, bioactivity, and structural resemblance to native tissues. Decellularization is a crucial process in tissue engineering that involves the removal of cellular components from the extracellular matrix (ECM) to create scaffolds suitable for tissue regeneration. This article provides a review of some decellularization methods, categorizing them into physical, chemical, and biological approaches. The article discusses the advantages and limitations of each method, highlighting the need to balance effective decellularization with the preservation of the ECM’s functional properties. Understanding these methods is critical for developing optimized scaffolds for various tissue engineering applications.