EXTL3 promoter methylation down‐regulates EXTL3 and heparan sulphate expression in mucinous colorectal cancers

Abstract

Exostoses like-3 (EXTL3) is a putative tumour suppressor gene but its involvement in colorectal cancer (CRC) is unclear. We have investigated the role of methylation of the EXTL3 promoter as a mechanism for EXTL3 regulation and tested the hypothesis that loss of EXTL3 expression is associated with mucinous differentiation and alteration of glycoprotein expression in CRC cells. The methylation status of the EXTL3 gene promoter was analysed by methylation-specific PCR following bisulphite modification in CRC cell lines and microdissected primary CRC tissues and their corresponding adjacent normal colorectal mucosa. EXTL3 promoter methylation was detected in seven of 11 mucinous CRCs (63.6%) but in none of 26 non-mucinous CRCs examined. EXTL3 promoter methylation was also detected in the normal colonic mucosa of three patients with mucinous CRC but not in the normal colonic mucosa of any patients with non-mucinous CRC. The presence of EXTL3 methylation was significantly associated with the partial loss of HS expression in mucinous CRC lesions. The mucinous CRC cell lines, Colo201 and Colo205, showed EXTL3 promoter methylation and loss of EXTL3 mRNA expression. However 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment demethylated the EXTL3 gene promoter and restored its mRNA expression. Furthermore, the basal expression of HS in CRC cells was abolished by treatment with EXTL3-siRNA. We conclude that EXTL3 promoter methylation and its related loss of EXTL3 expression are involved in the loss of HS expression in mucinous CRCs.