Abstract
Molybdenum-based electrocatalysts remain the exclusive and practical option for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) due to their exceptional catalytic activity in the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, they are limited by low electrochemical stability resulting from the dissolution into MoO42- ions in alkaline conditions, leading to secondary phase precipitation that hinders the surface reaction. Here, we demonstrate Ru-mediated electrochemical stabilization of MoO2-Ni4Mo electrocatalysts, which exhibit exceptionally enhanced durability as well as catalytic activity, enabling ampere-level current density water splitting in saline water. Theoretical calculations and ex-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveal that exsolved Ru nanoclusters with a higher hydroxyl affinity significantly establish a local hydroxide-deficient environment, leading to the stabilization of MoO2. Consequently, Ru-MoO2-Ni4Mo exhibits outstanding hydrogen production with stable operation for over 300 h to achieve a current density of 1.0 A cm−2 and a record-high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 22.5 % in AEMWE and photovoltaic-assisted water splitting system, respectively.
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