Expression and analysis of StNR and StNiRs, key enzyme genes of nitrogen assimilation in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with different nitrogen efficiencies

Trickle and sprinkler irrigation of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) in the Middle Anatolian Region in Turkey

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a horticulture plant that grow in the highland, which belong to the Solanaceae family, and is one of the world's main foodstuffs after rice, wheat, and corn, because of its advantages in supplying approximately 12 essential vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and iron. The demand of Potato from year to year tends to increase with population growth. In this study, the addition of growth hormone in Murashige and Skoog media modification to plantlet Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Atlantic Variance, Granola and Medians was described. MS medium was used as a potato growing medium (Solanum tuberosum L.) by hormone addition method which helped multiply the roots and accelerate plantlet height. The introduction of hormone levels were BAP (Benzil Amino Purine) 3 mg, NAA (Napthalene Acetic Acid) 1 mg, GA3 (Gibberelin) 0.1 mg, respectively. By using ANOVA Factorial analysis, the result of research showed that the significant level was α 0,05. The results showed that (1) Atlantic seed has more roots compare with the other varieties. (2) The control group has more roots compare with the hormone induced groups (3) The interaction of potato varieties with hormones affected the number of roots with p = 0,000. (4) The different variety of potatoes give influence to the height of potato plantlets. (5) The control group has higher height of plantlets compare with the hormone induced group (6) The interaction of potato varieties with hormones affected the height of the plantlet with p = 0,000.

Best potato growing condition available in Ethiopia compared to African countries. Poor resource and crop management was found one of the major production and productivity limiting factors. This review was conducted to show the gap available in optimum nitrogen rate utilization, limitation of irrigation water utilization, nitrogen and water use efficiency consideration in agronomic work of the country. In Ethiopia the production of potato was showing increasing due to land used for production increased but the productivity showed slight increase. Optimizing resource use efficiency by better management of water and nutrients through temporal and spatial irrigation and fertilization strategies in crop production is now getting concern in the world to enhance the profit of farm and minimize the cost of production. It is useful to consider some efficiency indices, in order to optimize the scheduling of water and nitrogen application. Determining nitrogen rates and irrigation water amount that improve the use of both water and nitrogen, and increasing knowledge of efficient use of resource could minimize the possible N losses thereby minimizing cost and increasing production profit. In the process of optimization, crop type to be grown and variety have also a remarkable contribution. On the last the nitrogen rate, irrigation regime and use efficiency of nitrogen and water were interrelated to each other and should be considered to gather with the yield and yield component of the potato for sustainable production with sufficient benefit.

Cytokinin (CK) is an important hormone that regulates cell differentiation. The CK content in plants is regulated by cytokinin oxidase (CKX), an important enzyme that participates in hormone-regulated pathways. Additionally, CKXs comprise a large family of enzymes, but little information exists on the CKXs in potato (Solanum tuberosum). In this study, nine CKXs were identified in the potato genome and named StCKX01-09, according to their order on the linkage groups (LGs). They belong to six subfamilies, and the members within the respective subfamilies had similar motifs, a similar gene structure, and similar cis-acting elements. Additionally, the CKXs from four other species, including Arabidopsis, rice (Oryza sativa), soybean (Glycine max), and maize (Zea mays), were also divided into six subfamilies, while members within each subfamily had similar types of motifs. Moreover, the potato StCKXs were shown to influence plant hormones and stress-related factors. StCKXs were collinear, with one CKX in Arabidopsis and five CKXs in Glycine max. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed tissue-specific expression patterns in the potato seedlings and changes in the expression levels in response to stress. Furthermore, the cytokinin content and CKX enzyme activity were shown to be regulated by StCKXs. This study provides detailed information that can help future endeavors in the molecular breeding of potato (Solanum tuberosum).

Background: 6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP) is a dominant regulation in minitubers formation. BAP treatment enhances both Crop quantity and quality parameter like days to emergence, number of shoots, shoot length, root length, number of stolons, number of minitubers, potato shape index and fresh weight of minitubers. The purpose of this study was to optimise the effect of different concentrations of BAP on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) minitubers in a net house and in field. Methods: The present investigation, effect of BAP different concentration on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) microtubers and minitubers were done at Central Potato Research Institute Campus, Modipuram, Meerut during 2012-13 and 2013-14. This experiment design was split plot with five replications and three treatments. In vitro BAP treatments for microtuber growth parameters included three doses (0.75 mg/l, 1.5 mg/l and 2.25 mg/l). BAP treated microtubers were planted in net house, again in next season BAP treated minitubers were planted in field. Growth and yield parameters were recorded. Result: The concentration of BAP (1.5 mg/l) led to decrease in all parameters as compared to BAP at (2.25 mg/l) treatments in both the varieties. Same result was also observed in field.

Increasing the productivity of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) can be done by increasing biological production (biomass) and the ability to convert (partition) assimilate/photosynthate into economic results (tubers). The aim of this research is to find a better combination of paclobutrazol (PBZ) application and nitrogen (N) fertilization for tuber partition assimilate of potato. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The treatment was consists of nine combinations of PBZ treatments and N fertilization as follows: 1) 3 kg PBZ/ha + 200 kg N/ha, 2) 3 kg PBZ/ha + 250 kg N/ha, 3) 3 kg PBZ/ha + 300 kg N/ha, 4) 3,5 kg PBZ/ ha + 200 kg N/ha, 5) 3,5 kg PBZ/ha + 250 kg N/ha, 6) 3,5 kg PBZ/ha + 300 kg N/ha, 7) 4 kg PBZ/ha + 200 kg N/ha, 8) 4 kg PBZ/ha + 250 kg N/ha, 9) 4 kg PBZ/ha + 300 kg N/ha. The research results showed that at the beginning of growth up to 42 DAP (day after plan), the assimilate (dry material) was directed towards stem and leaf (shoot) growth. Next, at 56 DAP to 84 DAP the assimilate is allocated for tuber growth. The combination of 4 kg PBZ/ha + 200 kg N/ha produces the largest tuber weight Keywords: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L); nitrogen; paclobutrazol; partition assimilate

Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) is one of the most important food security and cash crops in Ethiopia. However, its productivity is generally low. The low yields of the crop could be attributed to a number of factors among which low soil fertility is an important constraint and there is little information on the type and rates of fertilizers to be applied for optimum production of the crop under different agro-ecological conditions of the country. Therefore, an on-farm experiment was conducted at Dinsho and Sinja, south-eastern Ethiopia, to assess the effect of potassium fertilizer rate on yield and yield related parameters of ‘Irish potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) at Bale Highlands. Factorial combinations of two potato varieties (Ararsa and Moti) and five rates of potassium fertilizer (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg K ha-1) were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Analysis of variance showed that the main effects of potassium fertilizer significantly influenced (days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of tuber per plant, number of marketable tuber per plot, marketable tuber yield and total tuber yield) had highly significant (P < 0.01) while non-significant for days to 90% maturity, number of unmarketable tuber per plant and unmarketable tuber yield. An improved varieties Ararsa and Moti were produce the highest marketable tuber yields of 21.23 t ha-1 and 19.50 t ha-1 respectively, with application of 100 kg KCl ha-1 and with the application of recommended rate of NP fertilizer while the lowest marketable yields of 15.01 t ha-1 and 14.96 t ha-1 from Ararsa and Moti Varieties, respectively, were obtained from unfertilized KCl fertilizers treatment, respectively. The economic analysis revealed that the highest net return of (187170 and 169620 ETB ha-1) with marginal rate of return (4764.29 and 1185.71%) were recorded for varieties of Ararsa and Moti respectively, at 100 kg KCl ha-1. Therefore, it can tentatively be concluded that application of 100kg KCl ha-1 and recommended rate of NP fertilizer best to optimum tuber production and economic returns for potato at Bale Highlands.

Abstract. Maharijaya A, Syukur M, Salma LN, Sanubary UL. 2021. Diversity and performance of eight new promising potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes in Garut District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2848-2858. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the main crops in the world. Potato consumption in Indonesia continues to increase, but the supply of potatoes cannot be fully met by domestic production. The low productivity of potatoes is due to the low quality. Efforts to increase potato production are by developing new varieties with higher yields. This study aimed to obtain information about the diversity and performance of eight IPB new potato genotypes in Garut District, West Java. The study used a randomized complete block design with a one-factor genotype and four replications. The characters observed included 46 characters consisting of 27 quantitative characters and 19 qualitative characters.The genotypes that was used as materials are PKHT-2019-010, PKHT-2019-011, PKHT-2019-012, PKHT-2019-013, PKHT-2019-014, PKHT-2019-015, PKHT-2019-016, PKHT-2019-017 and two varieties Medians and Intas as control. The result showed that the potato genotypes have a diversity of leaves, stems, flowers, and tubers. PKHT-2019-010, PKHT-2019-010, PKHT-2019-015, and PKHT-2019-017 have higher productivity than Medians and Intan as control. PKHT-2019-012 productivity was not significantly different from Intan as control. The genotypes that had a higher or were the same productivity as the control varieties might be the expected genotypes that can be developed as new varieties. The genotypes expected to be developed are PKHT-2019-015, PKHT-2019-010, PKHT-2019-017, and PKHT-2019-012

The research aims to determine the relationship of soil chemical properties (pH, C-organic, and Cation exchange capacity) to the productivity of potato in Karo Regency. The research was started from June till August 2021. The research was conducted using a survey method and soil sampling conducted by stratified random sampling technique (low-high productivity). The 32 samples were taken of 5 sub-districts (Berastagi, Merdeka, Kabanjahe, Tigapanah, Simpangempat) in Karo Regency. Regression tests were performed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 25 program to obtain the relationship between the soil chemical properties and the productivity of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). On results research shows that the chemical properties of the soil (pH, C-organic and CEC) simultaneously affected potato productivity by 24.9%. Partially, soil pH has an influence and is correlated with potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) productivity.

Abstract. Choirunnisa JP, Wardana R. 2021. Effect of photoperiod and KNO3 concentration on the induction and development of potato (Solanum tuberosum) microtuber in vitro. Cell Biol Dev 5: 70-75. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a carbohydrate source plant that was developed as an alternative to food diversification. The availability of quality potato seeds is very limited due to the high attack rate of bacteria and viruses. The demand for potato seeds can be fulfilled by developing potato microtuber through the application of plant tissue culture. The purpose of this research was to determine the response of potato microtuber formation with different photoperiods and KNO3 concentrations. This study design uses a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 replicates. The first factor is 3 levels of photoperiod (8 hours/day, 12 hours/day, 16 hours/day). The second factor is 3 levels of KNO3 (1900 mg/L, 2850 mg/L, 3800 mg/L). The study was conducted by observing the age of microtubers initiation, number of shoots, number of roots, number of microtubers, the diameter of microtubers, and wet weight of microtubers were analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that the combination treatment of 8 hours/day photoperiod and KNO3 concentration of 3800 mg/L could accelerate the initiation of microtubers at 8 DAP (Days After Planting). The concentration of 3800 mg/L KNO3 can increase the number of roots and microtubers, the diameter of microtubers, and the wet weight of microtubers. The highest diameter of microtubers (17.89 mm) and the highest wet weight of microtubers (278.81 mg) were found in the photoperiod of 16 hours/day. This study concludes that the higher concentration of KNO3 and the longer photoperiod could be used for the induction and development of potato microtubers, while the short photoperiod could be used to accelerate microtubers initiation

Gibberellins (GAs; tetracyclic di-terpenoid carboxylic acids) are endogenous plant growth regulators responsible for stimulating plant growth and development from seed germination to plant maturity. In potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), GA levels are known to be crucial in the complex process of tuberization. Gibberellin 2-oxidases (GA2oxs) inactivate bioactive GAs during stolon swelling and early stages of tuberization as evident from the predominant expression of a member of this gene family namely GA2ox1. We isolated and characterized a 1105-bp cDNA clone encoding a 340-aa GA2ox1 form, designated St-GA2ox1, using total RNA from growing tuber of a potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar, Kufri Chipsona-1 (KC-1) based on RT-PCR approach. A total of 26 GA2ox sequences were also retrieved from potato genome database and analysed. Multiple sequence alignment revealed sequence relatedness between the GA2oxs. Crucial protein motifs were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the evolutionary relationships between the GA2oxs. Three-dimensional structure of St-GA2ox1 was predicted by using AlphaFold tool, validated by the predicted local-distance difference test and Ramachandran Plot. Structural analysis and molecular docking were carried out to identify domains, binding sites and affinity for the ligand. The STRING database and hydropathy analysis revealed the presence of a putative interaction site for other enzymes. Expression Atlas database and semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed the expression patterns of various GA2ox forms in different potato organs. This comprehensive report would be useful in providing new insights into possible underlying mechanisms involved in tuber development, and could facilitate the targeted alteration of genes responsible to combat the stress and enhance tuber production.

Andisol was soil with high phosphate retension (>85 %) so that Phosphate not available to plants. Phosphate (P) was important nutrient that used in photosynthesis process, roots growth, flower, fruit and seed forming. The object of this research is to know the effect of phosphate solubilizing microbe (MPF) application, some organic matter sources and both of interaction to changes of phosphate form to phosphate availability and potatos (Solanum tuberosum L.) production at Andisol soil impacted Sinabung Mountain eruption. This research was conducted in Kuta Rakyat Village, Naman Teran Subdistrict, Karo Regency on February until July 2015. The research used factorial Random Device Group Methode (RDG) consists of two treatments and two replications. The first factor is phosphate solubilizing microbe with four treatments: control, phosphate solubilizing bacterial (30 ml), phosphate solubilizing fungi (30 ml), phosphate solubilizing bacterial and fungi (15 ml + 15 ml). The second factor is organic matter with five treatments: control, cow manure (100 g/plant), chicken manure (100 g/ plant), straw (100 g/ plant), Tithonia diversifolia (100 g/ plant). The result showed that phosphate solubilizing fungi and chicken manure application, increased P availability and productions of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants. Key Words : Andisol, Phosphate solubilizing microbe, organic matter, availability phosphate, production of potatos (Solanum tuberosum L.) Andisol was soil with high phosphate retension (>85 %) so that Phosphate not available to plants. Phosphate (P) was important nutrient that used in photosynthesis process, roots growth, flower, fruit and seed forming. The object of this research is to know the effect of phosphate solubilizing microbe (MPF) application, some organic matter sources and both of interaction to changes of phosphate form to phosphate availability and potatos (Solanum tuberosum L.) production at Andisol soil impacted Sinabung Mountain eruption. This research was conducted in Kuta Rakyat Village, Naman Teran Subdistrict, Karo Regency on February until July 2015. The research used factorial Random Device Group Methode (RDG) consists of two treatments and two replications. The first factor is phosphate solubilizing microbe with four treatments: control, phosphate solubilizing bacterial (30 ml), phosphate solubilizing fungi (30 ml), phosphate solubilizing bacterial and fungi (15 ml + 15 ml). The second factor is organic matter with five treatments: control, cow manure (100 g/plant), chicken manure (100 g/ plant), straw (100 g/ plant), Tithonia diversifolia (100 g/ plant). The result showed that phosphate solubilizing fungi and chicken manure application, increased P availability and productions of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants. Key Words : Andisol, Phosphate solubilizing microbe, organic matter, availability phosphate, production of potatos (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Purpose: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is an important food and cash crop globally, particularly in Rwanda whereby it is ranked fourth most grown food crops after banana, sweet potato and cassava. The purpose of this review study is to analyze and understand potato yield production systems in Rwanda and to find out related constraints. Main findings: After key informants and various research work, it was found that the low potato yield (with on average 11.6 t/ha compared to yield potential of 50.6 t/ha), pests and diseases are the main constraints for potato production in Rwanda. However, it was revealed that the later are highly related to an inadequate supply of good seed tubers. Indeed, it is was reported that the actual mini-tubers seed production systems can cover up to 30% of the national demand; and hence farmers recycle their own seeds or get them from informal sources. This situation is leading to persistent pests and diseases particularly potato bacterial wilt (PBW) and late blight disease hampering potato productivity. Limitations: Soil erosion exacerbated by land fragmentation and use of steep land, and poor fertilization practices both in quantity and quality are reportedly highlighted in this review as secondary bottlenecks for potato production in Rwanda. Directions for future research: Active involvement of the private sector in seed production in conjunction with aeroponic systems and integrated pest and disease management (IPDM) is the promising future research path and most effective approach to be adopted for sustainable potato production and food security in the country.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a horticulture plant that grow in the highland, which belong to the Solanaceae family, and is one of the world's main foodstuffs after rice, wheat, and corn, because of its advantages in supplying approximately 12 essential vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and iron. The demand of potato from year to year tends to increase with population growth. In this study, the addition of growth hormone in Murashige and Skoog media modification to plantlet potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Atlantic Variance, Granola and Medians was described. MS medium was used as a potato growing medium (Solanum tuberosum L.) by hormone addition method which helped multiply the roots and accelerate plantlet height. The introduction of hormone levels were BAP (Benzil Amino Purine) 3 mg, NAA (Napthalene Acetic Acid) 1 mg, GA3 (Gibberelin) 0.1 mg, respectively. By using ANOVA Factorial analysis, the result of research showed that the significant level was α 0,05. The results showed that (1) Atlantic seed has more roots compare with the other varieties. (2) The control group has more roots compare with the hormone induced groups (3) The interaction of potato varieties with hormones affected the number of roots with p = 0,000. (4) The different variety of potatoes give influence to the height of potato plantlets. (5) The control group has higher height of plantlets compare with the hormone induced group (6) The interaction of potato varieties with hormones affected the height of the plantlet with p = 0,000.

In order to investigate the plant density and nitrogen level on nitrogen use efficiency components (agronomical, physiological, apparent recovery and nitrogen use efficiency), the amount of nitrogen uptake by plant, yield and yield components of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Agria cultivars' tuber, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in Ardabil, Iran, in 2006 with three replications. Factors were adjusted for the nitrogen level (0, 80, 160 and 200 kg ha(-1) net nitrogen) and plant density (5.5, 7.5 and 11 plant m(-2)). Results showed that with increasing the nitrogen levels and plant densities agronomical nitrogen use efficiency, physiological nitrogen efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were decreased and apparent recovery nitrogen efficiency was increased. The most nitrogen uptake in plant was observed at the 200 kg ha(-1) net nitrogen. The most yield and number of tuber per unit area were gained at the 80 and 160 kg ha(-1) net nitrogen. Increasing the plant density resulted in increasing in the tuber yield per unit area and the rate of nitrogen up to the 160 kg ha(-1) net nitrogen. So, application of the 80 kg ha(-1) net nitrogen and plant density of 11 plant m(-2) is recommended to get highest yield with the most nitrogen use efficiency.